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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Host Suitability of African Nightshades to Root"=Knot Nematodes in Kenya},pdfauthor={Shem  Nchore, Wanjohi Waceke, Carmen Büttner, Ombori Omwoyo, Christian Ulrichs},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={African nightshades, gall index, hypersusceptible, Meloidogyne spp. resistance, reproductive factor, Solanum species, tolerance},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Host Suitability of African Nightshades to Root"=Knot Nematodes in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Shem  Nchore, Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, P.O.Box 43844 , 00100~Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nchoree@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Shem  Nchore$^{1}$, Wanjohi Waceke$^{1}$, Carmen Büttner$^{2}$, Ombori Omwoyo$^{3}$, Christian Ulrichs$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute: Division Phytomedicine, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Kenyatta University, Plant Sciences, Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Nchore, Shem }
\index[author]{Waceke, Wanjohi}
\index[author]{Büttner, Carmen}
\index[author]{Omwoyo, Ombori}
\index[author]{Ulrichs, Christian}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Nine African nightshades (AFNS) including six improved species and three landraces were screened for resistance against root"=knot nematodes (RKN) in the greenhouse and field sites. \textit{Solanum villosum} line BG03,\textit{ S. nigrum} line IP03, \textit{S. eldoretianum} line MW05, \textit{S.~scabrum} line Rv1, \textit{S. americanum} line RC01 and \textit{S. sarrachoides} line MW13 sourced from World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC) and \textit{S. opacum} and \textit{Solanum} spp. landrace from Kakamega and \textit{S. nigrum} from Simlaw Seed Company were screened for their response to RKN infection. Tomato (\textit{S.~lycopersicum} cv. money"=maker) was the positive control. Seeds were raised in sterilized soil in seedling trays and transplanted into a 12 cm"=diameter pot in the greenhouse at Kenyatta University at 24 $\pm$ 3\textdegree{}C. The pots were inoculated with 3,000 J2s and arranged in RCBD with four replications each. The experiment was terminated 60 days after inoculation. Data on dry shoot weight and fresh root weight, galling index and reproduction factor were measured. In the field experiment, 60 plots each measuring 3.84 m$^{2}$ were prepared. Each plot had 60 plants at a spacing of 15 $\times$ \mbox{30\,cm}. The host response was based on gall index and reproduction factor. The response of AFNS to RKN varied from hypersusceptible to susceptible in greenhouse, while in field the response varied from tolerant to susceptible compared to the susceptible control. \textit{Solanum americanum, S. nigrum, S. eldoretiunum, Solanum} spp. landrace from Kakamega, \textit{S. opacum}, \textit{S.~scabrum} and \textit{S. villosum} were hypersusceptible, while \textit{S. sarrarachoides, S. nigrum} from Simlaw Seed Company and the positive control were susceptible to RKN in the greenhouse. However, tolerance to RKN was found in \textit{S. americanum, S. eldoretiunum, Solanum} spp. landrace from Kakamega, \textit{S. opacum} and \textit{S.~scabrum}, while \textit{S. nigrum, S. sarrarachoides, S. nigrum} from Simlaw Seed Company, \textit{S. villosum} and the positive control were susceptible to RKN in the field. Tolerant AFNS had lower RKN damage and reproduction factor compared to the susceptible AFNS. Farmers should grow tolerant AFNS on heavily infested soils to reduce RKN population and reproduction. The tolerant AFNS could also be used in breeding programs for the management of RKN. }

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} African nightshades, gall index, hypersusceptible, \textit{Meloidogyne} spp. resistance, reproductive factor, \textit{Solanum} species, tolerance
\index[key]{African nightshades}
\index[key]{Gall index}
\index[key]{Hypersusceptible}
\index[key]{Meloidogyne@\textit{Meloidogyne} spp. resistance}
\index[key]{Reproductive factor}
\index[key]{Solanum@\textit{Solanum} species}
\index[key]{Tolerance}
\end{document}
