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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Physiochemical Properties of Camel Milk Samples Collected from Farms and Sale Points in Khartoum State, Sudan},pdfauthor={Lemya M. Warsma, Ibtisam El Zubeir},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Camel milk, composition, management systems, season},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Physiochemical Properties of Camel Milk Samples Collected from Farms and Sale Points in Khartoum State, Sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Lemya M. Warsma, University of Khartoum, Dept. of Dairy Production, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{areejwarsmaq3@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Lemya M. Warsma, Ibtisam El Zubeir}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{University of Khartoum, Dept. of Dairy Production, Sudan}}}
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\index[author]{Warsma, Lemya M.}
\index[author]{El Zubeir, Ibtisam}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The camel (\textit{Camelus dromedarus}) is of significant socioeconomic importance in many arid and semi"=arid parts of the world and its milk constitutes an important component of human diets in these regions. Sudan has the second highest camel population worldwide, which is produced under four management systems that include traditional nomadic system, semi"=nomadic system, sedentary system and the intensive system. This study was conducted to evaluate the compositional quality of camel milk supplied to consumers in Khartoum State from intensive and semi--intensive systems during winter and summer seasons. Fifty raw milk samples (n=50) were collected and evaluated for the physiochemical properties (fat, solids not fat; SNF; density, protein, lactose and acidity). Twenty five samples each were collected from farms and sale points. The average of fat content of raw camel milk was higher (3.7$\pm$\mbox{0.16\,\%}) during winter season, while SNF, lactose and density were high during summer season (8.5$\pm$\mbox{0.15\,\%}, 4.5$\pm$0.0$\pm$\mbox{8\,\%} and 1.030\,{g}\,{cm}\textsuperscript{-3}, respectively). Protein and acidity revealed similar values during different seasons. Fat content of camel milk samples collected from dairy farm was higher (3.1$\pm$\mbox{0.1\,\%}) than  that collected from the sale points. Whereas, SNF, density, protein and lactose of camel milk samples collected from different sources revealed similar values (8.3$\pm$\mbox{0.15\,\%}, 1.02$\pm$\mbox{0.0\,\%}, 3.2$\pm$\mbox{0.0\,\%}, and 4.4$\pm$\mbox{0.08\,\%}, respectively). The data revealed non significant (P$\geq$0.05) variations between the samples from both sources and during different seasons. The performance   of   she camel at semi"=intensive system was better in comparison to that from the other management system; therefore initiations of the semi--intensive system should be encouraged. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Camel milk, composition, management systems, season
\index[key]{Camel!milk}
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