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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Participatory Evaluation of Innovations in Oestrus Synchronisation and Artificial Insemination for Dairy Development, Sidama, Ethiopia},pdfauthor={Azage Tegegne, Yoseph Mekasha, Tesfaye Shewage},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dairy, genetic improvement, mass artificial insemination, oestrus synchronisation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Participatory Evaluation of Innovations in Oestrus Synchronisation and Artificial Insemination for Dairy Development, Sidama, Ethiopia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Azage Tegegne, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), LIVES Project, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{a.tegegne@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Azage Tegegne$^{1}$, Yoseph Mekasha$^{2}$, Tesfaye Shewage$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), LIVES Project, Ethiopia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ethiopia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), }}}
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\index[author]{Tegegne, Azage}
\index[author]{Mekasha, Yoseph}
\index[author]{Shewage, Tesfaye}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This study was conducted in 2015 in three clustered districts of Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The major farming systems are enset (\textit{Ensete ventricosum})-livestock and enset"=coffee-livestock. Most of the cattle are indigenous breeds, which have low production and reproduction performance. Although artificial insemination (AI) has been practised for a long time, it has been limited to major urban areas and efficiency of the service has been very low. Shortage and high price of crossbred animals has limited participation of smallholder farmers in dairy production and marketing. Thus, hormonal oestrus synchronisation and mass artificial insemination (OSMAI) programme has been introduced in order to improve the efficiency of conventional AI. However, its field performance has been low due to various constraints. This study evaluated the gaps and constraints and provided technological, organisational and institutional innovations to improve OSMAI. The study interviewed 144 dairy producers (48 from each district), of which \mbox{50\,\%} were OSMAI beneficiaries, AI technicians, livestock \& animal health experts. Household survey with structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informants interview and livestock commodity platforms were employed for data collection. Mean livestock holding per household was 5.35 TLU, and cattle accounted for the largest (\mbox{90\,\%}) proportion.  The contribution of crossbreds was only \mbox{7.8\,\%}. The following gaps are identified: a) perception related - lack of access to information, lack of organised and effective awareness creation activities, lack of  commitment and support  from leadership; b) capacity related - poor technical capacity of AI technicians, livestock \& animal health experts, and dairy producers; c) organisation and institution related  - centralised \& inefficient OSMAI implementing team, poor coordination, resource mobilisation and lack of incentives for AI technicians,  poor follow up of inseminated animals; weak vertical and horizontal linkage among zone, district and communities; d) technology related  - lack of experience on semen quality analysis and shortage of Jersey semen (preferred by the producers). Awareness creation and capacity development of actors and service providers, organisational/institutional, and technological innovations are recommended interventions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of OSMAI in the area. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dairy, genetic improvement, mass artificial insemination, oestrus synchronisation
\index[key]{Dairy}
\index[key]{Genetic improvement}
\index[key]{Mass artificial insemination}
\index[key]{Oestrus synchronization}
\end{document}
