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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Seed Yield, Protein and Oil Content of Cnicus Bendictus},pdfauthor={Mehdi Ghiasy Oskoee, Majid Aghaalikhani, Fatemeh Sefidkon, Ali Mokhtassi Bidgoli},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Aromatic bitter taste, kEYWORDS:  holy thistle, medicinal plant, quality, seed yield},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Seed Yield, Protein and Oil Content of Cnicus Bendictus\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mehdi Ghiasy Oskoee, Tarbiat Modares University, Dept. of Agronomy, Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mehdi.ghiasyoskoee@modares.ac.ir }}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mehdi Ghiasy Oskoee$^{1}$, Majid Aghaalikhani$^{2}$, Fatemeh Sefidkon$^{3}$, Ali Mokhtassi Bidgoli$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Tarbiat Modares University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Tarbiat Modares University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Medicinal Plants, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ghiasy Oskoee, Mehdi}
\index[author]{Aghaalikhani, Majid}
\index[author]{Sefidkon, Fatemeh}
\index[author]{Bidgoli, Ali Mokhtassi}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The holy thistle (Cnicus benedictus), an annual medicinal plant widespread from Asia Minor to the Caucasus, including Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan, and in Mediterranean Europe. Infusions and extracts of the aerial parts of holy thistle are applied in traditional medicine, as their aromatic bitter taste (the sesquiterpene lactones cnicin, artemisiifolin, and salonitenolide) which is assumed to increase appetite and gastrointestinal secretion. Nitrogen and plant density are two important factors which influence seed yield and quality (protein and oil content). Single and combined effects of nitrogen fertiliser and plant density on Cnicus benedictus are poorly understood. To determine its response to plant density and nitrogen fertiliser, a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomised complete blocks design with 20 treatments and three replications. The study was performed on the research field at Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University during the 2014 growing season. The treatments were consisted of five plant density (D1=5, D2=10, D3=15, D4=20 and D5=25 p.m$^{-2}$) and four nitrogen regimes (N1=0, N$_{2}$=50, n3=100 and n4=\mbox{150\,kg}.h$^{-1}$). Results showed that seed yield, oil and protein yield affected by nitrogen, but plant density influenced all traits except protein content. With increasing of nitrogen fertiliser to\mbox{100\,kg}.ha$^{-1}$, there was a significant increase in seed yield. The seed yield was not increasing with more nitrogen. The high protein content and oil content also were obtained with \mbox{100\,kg} N.ha$^{-1}$. Enhancement of plant density to$_{2}$0 p.m$^{-2}$ the seed yield and oil content was significantly increased. Comparison of treatments showed that the highest seed yield, protein and oil yield were obtained by using \mbox{100\,kg} N.ha$^{-1}$ with 20p.m$^{-2}$. This study confirms that nitrogen fertilisation is extremely important to reach the high yield, although luxury consumption occurred in the higher fertility field that had not any significant effect on the plant traits. Also increased plant density would be beneficial to holy thistle yield in the lower fertility field.











}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Aromatic bitter taste, kEYWORDS:  holy thistle, medicinal plant, quality, seed yield
\index[key]{Aromatic bitter taste}
\index[key]{KEYWORDS:  holy thistle}
\index[key]{Medicinal plant}
\index[key]{Quality}
\index[key]{Seed!yield}
\end{document}
