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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Effect of Different Sources of Nitrogen on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Sunflower Growth},pdfauthor={Abdolkarim Zabet, Masoud Vafapour, Mohammad Hassan Fallah},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Growth Indices, Manure, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, radiation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{The Effect of Different Sources of Nitrogen on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Sunflower Growth\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Abdolkarim Zabet, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Deprartment of Biosystems Engineering, 2nd Floor No 4 Cheraghchi 5 Vakilabad 34, 9178878383~Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{travelman1986@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Abdolkarim Zabet$^{1}$, Masoud Vafapour$^{2}$, Mohammad Hassan Fallah$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Deprartment of Biosystems Engineering, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Yasouj University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Zabet, Abdolkarim}
\index[author]{Vafapour, Masoud}
\index[author]{Fallah, Mohammad Hassan}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
New tendency of the international community towards sustainable agriculture is to decrease inputs, especially chemical inputs for reduction of environmental impacts. Generally, Low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and productivity with excessive use of N fertiliser in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a common issue in some regions of Iran where sunflower is cultivated. Organic fertilisers such as animal manure can be a suitable substitution to cope with this issue. The objective of this study was to evaluate of resource absorption and use efficiency in sunflower affected by nitrogen source and rate. Field experiment was conducted as split plot based on Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications in Yasouj, Iran. Treatments were included three levels of manure fertiliser (0, 10, and \unitfrac[20]{ton}{ha}) as main plot and urea fertiliser at four levels (0, 100, 200 and \mbox{300\,kg} per hectare) as a sub"=plot. Studied traits were included growth indices, yield, Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE), Nitrogen Utilisation Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency (NRE), Agronomic Nitrogen Use Efficiency (ANUE), and Nitrogen Harvest Index (NHI). Increasing in nitrogen rate with both sources of manure and urea, leaded to increase leaf area index, absorption of radiation, total dry matter, and crop growth rate increased. Animal manure had more NRE, NUE and ANUE than urea fertiliser. combination of \unitfrac[20]{ton}{ha} manure with \unitfrac[100]{kg}{ha} urea had the highest grain yield (\unitfrac[2790]{kg}{ha}), oil yield (\unitfrac[809]{kg}{ha}), RUE (\unitfrac[2.23]{g}{MJ}), and NHI (\mbox{48\,\%}). In general, application of \unitfrac[20]{tons}{ha} manure with \unitfrac[100]{kg}{ha} urea, in addition to produce high"=yield, had acceptable resources use efficiency. So, this combination was the best in terms of environmental risk.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Growth Indices, Manure, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, radiation
\index[key]{Growth!Indices}
\index[key]{Manure}
\index[key]{Nitrogen!Use Efficiency}
\index[key]{Radiation}
\end{document}
