\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Forest Fire Frequency and Distribution in Mongolia},pdfauthor={Bayartaa Nyamjav},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Fire frequency, mongolian forest, precipitation distribution},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Forest Fire Frequency and Distribution in Mongolia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Bayartaa Nyamjav, Tudresden, The Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Tudresden, Pienner Str 7, 01737~Dresden, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nyamjav@forst.tu-dresden.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Bayartaa Nyamjav}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Tudresden, The Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Tudresden, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Nyamjav, Bayartaa}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Mongolian forests are located on the very brink between the Siberian taiga or Southern Baikal's forest area and the Central Asian steppe zones, functioning as a separator of great taiga and steppe, and protect them of drying effect. It shows that Mongolian forest have international ecological duties.







The highest fire danger is characteristic of low"=mountain pine and larch stands growing on seasonally freezing soils. These stands are distributed on Khentey, East Khentey and Khubsugul foothills. Climate here is of an extreme continental type. Precipitation is not sufficient. In exceptionally dry years, it does not exceed 200 mm in forest regions. Precipitation is unevenly distributed during a year. Snow cover is not more than 10--\mbox{15\,cm} deep. Summer is the season of the lowest precipitation that usually occurs as heavy showers (Isaev et al. 1992).







 Fire occurrence and extent are controlled by several factors, such as geographic location, climate, vegetation patterns, and human activities. The majority of fires burned within the central and eastern parts of the forested area. This can be attributed to the predominance of highly fire susceptible (highly flammable) pine and larch stands. Extreme fire seasons are induced by long droughts. Fires burn from April to July under such conditions. Large fires occur on the background of mass fires. 1992, 1996, and 1997 were extreme fire years.







In Mongolian forests, fire seasons are usually discontinuous, i.e. they have two peaks of fire danger. One peak is observed during long dry spring (from March to mid June) and accounts for 80 per cent of all fires. The other fire danger peak falls within a short period in autumn (September-October) and it accounts for 5--8 percent of fires. In summer, fires occur very rarely (only 2--\mbox{5\,\%} of the total) because of heavy rains.



 



Fire occurrence depends on forest type, precipitation distribution, and availability of fire sources. Fires are frequent in pine and larch stands of the forest"=steppe and subtaiga zones, while they occur much rarer in larch and Siberian pine stands of the mountain taiga (Chuluunbaatar 2001).



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Fire frequency, mongolian forest, precipitation distribution
\index[key]{Fire frequency}
\index[key]{Mongolian forest}
\index[key]{Precipitation distribution}
\end{document}
