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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Underlying Drivers of Rice Field Conversion to Smallholder Oil Palm Estate},pdfauthor={Novira Nina},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Rice field conversion, smallholder oil palm estate, underlying drivers},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Underlying Drivers of Rice Field Conversion to Smallholder Oil Palm Estate\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Novira Nina, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Inst. for Geography, Innrain 52, A-6020~Innsbruck, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ninoxmania@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Novira Nina}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Inst. for Geography, Austria}}}
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\index[author]{Nina, Novira}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Indonesia hosts some 11.5 million hectares of oil palm plantation in 2014, and the number seems to be growing. From the whole area, \mbox{41\,\%} of it is smallholder estate. Farmers acquire land for the estate from various former uses, one of them is rice field. North Sumatera hosts the very first commercial oil palm plantation in Indonesia, and even in Southeast Asia. Since the late 1980s, North Sumatera Province, particularly in the case study area, Bulungihit Village, has witnessed the conversion of rice field to oil palm estate. There were 1,131 hectares of rice field in Bulungihit in 1987. It totally vanished in 2008. This was happening in the midst of the government's target for rice self"=sufficiency, which accompanied by various aids and support including rice field conversion hindering policies. Diminishing rice field area may be substituted by improving productivity. However, it has its limit. It will eventually decrease rice production. Decreasing Indonesia's rice production could pose threat to global food security, since Indonesia's demand is huge. In 2011 Indonesia is the biggest rice importer, with the share of imported rice comprises of only 4--\mbox{5\,\%} of Indonesia's demand. I am here questioning why has the government's arrangement failed to persuade farmers to stay in rice farming, since the failure was such a waste of government expenditure and threatening Indonesia's economic and defence stability. In this paper I will elaborate underlying causes of this failure, with data obtained from in"=depth interviews with various actors in different levels, such as former rice growers, pioneer and current converters, rice and oil palm middlemen, former rice mill owner, agricultural office at the local, regional and national level, and parliamentarian.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Rice field conversion, smallholder oil palm estate, underlying drivers
\index[key]{Rice!field conversion}
\index[key]{Smallholder!oil palm estate}
\index[key]{Underlying drivers}
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