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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Impact of Zero Grazing on Child Labor and Schooling in Ethiopia},pdfauthor={Getaw Tadesse Gebreyohanes, Godfrey Bahiigwa, Wondwosen Tefera},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Child labour, children's schooling, Ethiopia  , livestock herding, zero grazing},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{The Impact of Zero Grazing on Child Labor and Schooling in Ethiopia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Wondwosen Tefera, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{w.tefera@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Getaw Tadesse Gebreyohanes$^{1}$, Godfrey Bahiigwa$^{2}$, Wondwosen Tefera$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Ethiopia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$International Food Policy Research Institute-IFPRI, Ethiopia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Ethiopia}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Gebreyohanes, Getaw Tadesse}
\index[author]{Bahiigwa, Godfrey}
\index[author]{Tefera, Wondwosen}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Children are the major source of labour for agriculture in many developing countries including Ethiopia. This has raised widespread concerns regarding the rights and welfare of children in the form of school dropout, threats to abuse, vulnerability to diseases and malnutrition and attack by wild animals. This paper examines the role of zero grazing in reducing child labour for livestock herding and increasing the probability of children's enrollment to school with the purpose of shedding light on the social dimension of improved agricultural practices. The paper is based on two rounds of surveys conducted in the highlands of Ethiopia in 2012 and 2014 to measure the extent of zero grazing for dairy cows and children involvement in livestock herding. The study revealed that about \mbox{31\,\%} of children within the age of 5 to 15 engage in livestock herding as part time or full time workers. Younger children are more likely to be livestock herder than older ones. Our data showed that about \mbox{50\,\%} of dairy producers practice zero grazing at least for one month but only \mbox{3\,\%} of them practice throughout the year. Taking in to account the Ethiopian context, we define zero grazing as feeding animals in a confined space at least for four months. The impact of such zero grazing adoption on child labour and schooling is examined using panel Probit models.  The result indicated that while the probability of a child being a livestock herder significantly reduces, the probability of attending school significantly increases when a household adopts zero grazing.  The impact becomes bigger and stronger as the duration of zero grazing increases. The result is consistent across different model specifications.  The paper informs the need to intensify smallholder livestock production systems not only to increase livestock productivity but also to improve children's welfare. The paper outlines strategies to further strengthen smallholder's adoption of intensive livestock management practices including zero grazing.  



   



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Child labour, children's schooling, Ethiopia  , livestock herding, zero grazing
\index[key]{Child labor}
\index[key]{Children's schooling}
\index[key]{Ethiopia  }
\index[key]{Livestock!herding}
\index[key]{Zero grazing}
\end{document}
