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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect Levels and Forms (liquid Versus granular) of Phosphorus on two Stock (Matthiola incana) Cultivars},pdfauthor={Mohammad Kazem Souri, Tahere Ghamari Habashi, Behzad Azadgan},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bio-fertiliser, granular, liquid, morphological traits, phosphorus},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effect Levels and Forms (liquid Versus granular) of Phosphorus on two Stock (Matthiola incana) Cultivars\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mohammad Kazem Souri, Tarbiat Modares University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mk.souri@modares.ac.ir}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mohammad Kazem Souri$^{1}$, Tahere Ghamari Habashi$^{2}$, Behzad Azadgan$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Tarbiat Modares University, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Tehran, Dept. of Horticulture, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Tehran, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Souri, Mohammad Kazem}
\index[author]{Ghamari Habashi, Tahere}
\index[author]{Azadgan, Behzad}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Phosphorus is one the major essential elements in plant growth and development. Despite the well known roles of phosphorus in plant nutrition, plant responses to phosphorus fertilisers in many cases have not been found out yet. So, in present study different levels and form of phosphorus fertiliser as liquid or granular were applied to investigate the quantitative and qualitative response of two white and red cultivars of stock flower (Matthiola incana L.) under greenhouse conditions. The experimental was done based on completely randomised design with four replications. The treatments were control (without P application), granular superphosphate fertiliser at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg.kg$^{-1}$) of soil, liquid form of superphosphate at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg.kg$^{-1}$) of soil which were dissolved in 50 ml of d"=water, and bio"=fertiliser phosphate (Barvar$^{-2}$) in an amount of 100 g in 200 ml of water. The results showed that there were significant differences among treatments for most of yield and quality traits. In both cultivars, application of \unitfrac[200]{mg}{kg} soil phosphorus in liquid form and then in granular and biofertiliser forms (respectively) resulted in significantly higher amounts for most of plant parameters such as number of flowering stems, inflorescent length, number of flowers in inflorescent, number of petals in flower, the length of flowering stem, leaf number and chlorophyll content compared to control and other treatments. Regarding these traits 200 mg granular and then biofertiliser were the next best treatments, respectively. The leaf content of phosphorus was significantly higher in \unitfrac[200]{mg}{kg} soil liquid form as well, However, regarding fresh and dry weight of roots, the highest amount was recorded in biofertiliser treatment. Phosphorus levels of 50 and \unitfrac[100]{mg}{kg} soil, especially in granular form, were resulted in lower amount of yield and quality parameters. In conclusion, to reach a target yield and quality, lower rate of liquid form of superphosphates compared to granular form, is required. However, biofertiliser treatment due to its improvement of growth as well as zero contamination of soil is preferred. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bio"=fertiliser, granular, liquid, morphological traits, phosphorus
\index[key]{Bio"=fertilizer}
\index[key]{Granular}
\index[key]{Liquid}
\index[key]{Morphological traits}
\index[key]{Phosphorus}
\end{document}
