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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Impact of  Private Sustainability Standards on Land Productivity: The Case of Coffee in  Uganda},pdfauthor={Kevin Teopista Akoyi, Miet Maertens},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Coffee certification, Global value chains, private sustainability standards, Productivity impact, Uganda},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Impact of  Private Sustainability Standards on Land Productivity: The Case of Coffee in  Uganda\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Kevin Teopista Akoyi, Ku Leuven, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200e Bus 2411, 3001~Heverlee, Belgium, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{kevinteopista.akoyi@kuleuven.be}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Kevin Teopista Akoyi$^{1}$, Miet Maertens$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ku Leuven, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Belgium}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Belgium}}}
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\index[author]{Akoyi, Kevin Teopista}
\index[author]{Maertens, Miet}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Private sustainability standards are spreading rapidly in global food value chains. They are especially important in international trade relations with developing countries because of information asymmetries. Impact studies focus on producers' welfare, mostly in Latin America, and yet evidence is quite mixed.




In this paper, we analyse the impact of two groups of private sustainability standards using a cross"=sectional household survey data from 600 smallholder coffee producers in 63 villages in Mount Elgon, eastern Uganda. We use a multi"=stage stratified random sampling design and complement the household level information with village level information from village leaders. 




We compare the land productivity impact of: 1. a double Fairtrade and Organic certification scheme (FT-org); and 2. a triple Utz, Rainforest Alliance and 4C certification scheme (UTZ-RA-4C).  The different outcome indicators: 1. Yield per hectare, 2. Yield per tree, 3. shade trees use, 4. use of legumes,  5. minimum tillage, 6. recommended spacing, 7. mulching, 8. wind breaks, 9. coffee pruning, 10. slashing, 11. cultural weed control, 12. pesticide use, 13. copper fungicide use, 14. animal manure, and 15. the Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) count variable.  



For analysis OLS, Probit and Poisson regression models at plot level are used. We attempt to control for a large set of farm household and location characteristic.  We additionally control for important biophysical factors that may influence coffee yields such as topography, soil characteristics, climate and rainfall, as well as geological underground. Secondly, we use Instrumental Variables (IVs) in a Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression. 




We find that participation in the UTZ-RA-4C scheme significantly increases coffee yield, with an estimated 1.5\,MT\,ha\textsuperscript{-1} and  1.09\,Kg\,tree\textsuperscript{-1}.  It has a significant positive effect on the use of shade trees, mulching, the use of windbreaks and pesticide application. We find that participation in FT-org scheme significantly reduces coffee yield, by an estimated 1.8\,MT\,ha\textsuperscript{-1} and 1.25\,Kg\,tree\textsuperscript{-1}. It has a significant positive effect on the use of minimum tillage, slashing and the use of animal manure. These findings indicate the potential of  the UTZ-RA-4C scheme to contribute to sustainable intensification of smallholder production systems. 



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Coffee certification, Global value chains, private sustainability standards, Productivity impact, Uganda
\index[key]{Coffee certification}
\index[key]{Global value chains}
\index[key]{Private sustainability standards}
\index[key]{Productivity impact}
\index[key]{Uganda}
\end{document}
