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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Improving Sorghum Productivity in Waterlogged Vertisols},pdfauthor={Nigus Demelash Melaku, Wondimu Bayu, Andreas Klik, Feras Ziadat, Claudia Zucca, Stefan Strohmeier},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Chickpea, cover crops, runoff, soil loss, watershed},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Improving Sorghum Productivity in Waterlogged Vertisols\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Nigus Demelash Melaku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Veinna, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{d.nigus19@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Nigus Demelash Melaku$^{1}$, Wondimu Bayu$^{2}$, Andreas Klik$^{3}$, Feras Ziadat$^{4}$, Claudia Zucca$^{5}$, Stefan Strohmeier$^{6}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Center for Agricultural Bioscience International, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Italy}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), , Jordan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{6}$International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Jordan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Melaku, Nigus Demelash}
\index[author]{Bayu, Wondimu}
\index[author]{Klik, Andreas}
\index[author]{Ziadat, Feras}
\index[author]{Zucca, Claudia}
\index[author]{Strohmeier, Stefan}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Sorghum is a major crop in Vertisols of the North Gonder zone in Ethiopia.  Due to waterlogging on these Vertisols, the crop stay in the field for more than seven months and productivity is extremely low.  Sorghum production is facing a multitude of challenges including waterlogging, late season and moisture shortages. 



An experiment was conducted in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed, Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons.  The objective of this study was to reduce the maturity period and to improve the yield of sorghum. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications.  Treatments were control (\mbox{0\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$), \mbox{23\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at planting (23N1+0),  \mbox{41\,kg}  N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at planting (41N1+0), \mbox{41\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at knee height (41N0+1), \mbox{41\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied half at planting and the remaining half at knee height stage (41N1/2+1/2),  \mbox{64\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at planting (64 N1+0), \mbox{64\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at knee height (64N0+1), \mbox{64\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied half at planting and the remaining half at knee height stage (64N1/2+1/2), \mbox{87\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at planting (87N1+0), \mbox{87\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied all at knee height (87N0+1), and \mbox{87\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ applied half at planting and the remaining half at knee height stage (87N1/2+1/2).  Sorghum seeds were initially sown on flatbed and later drainage ridges were constructed. 



Results showed that maximum grain yield (\mbox{4046\,kg} ha$^{-1}$) was obtained at \mbox{87\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ with a split application of half at planting and half at knee height of the crop. The mean length of the growing period of sorghum with traditional farmers' practice in the watershed was 209 days.  However, by applying recommended fertilisers and ridge management, the growing period of sorghum from planting to maturity was 169--172 days. The economic analysis showed application of \mbox{87\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ with the split application was economically profitable for sorghum production in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed with a marginal rate of return (MRR) of 1207 percent. 



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Chickpea, cover crops, runoff, soil loss, watershed
\index[key]{Chickpea}
\index[key]{Cover crops}
\index[key]{Runoff}
\index[key]{Soil!loss}
\index[key]{Watershed}
\end{document}
