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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Economic and Environmental Trade"=Offs on Tillage and No"=Tillage Agriculture Systems in Brazil},pdfauthor={Ianna Raissa Moreira Dantas, Marcelo Carauta Montenegro Medeiros de Moraes},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Environmental costs, no-tillage, production costs, tillage},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Economic and Environmental Trade"=Offs on Tillage and No"=Tillage Agriculture Systems in Brazil\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ianna Raissa Moreira Dantas, University of Hohenheim, Land Use Economics in the Tropics and Subtropics, Wollgrasweg 43 235, 70599~Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{IannaRaissa.Dantas@uni-hohenheim.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ianna Raissa Moreira Dantas, Marcelo Carauta Montenegro Medeiros de Moraes}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{University of Hohenheim, Land Use Economics in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Moreira Dantas, Ianna Raissa}
\index[author]{Carauta Montenegro Medeiros de Moraes, Marcelo}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Global agriculture meets constant changes in productive systems. The practice of plowing contributed significantly to the rise of urban societies since the wealthy cities relied on food surpluses of plow"=based agriculture. Tilling techniques on soil -- in this document named conventional tillage system (CTS) --- became the dominant production system due to effective weed control and soil preparation. However, ongoing plowing practices triggered environmental impacts, such as soil erosion and nutrients loss. The no"=tillage system (NTS) became widely adopted in Brazil as an alternative to ease environmental problems. The introduction of 2,4-D and ``paraquat'' eliminated the need for seedbed tillage since emerged and emerging weeds could be controlled without tilling. Weed control was key on propelling the no"=till movement and the big surge of the NTS came with the invention of glyphosate. Some believe the increasing adoption of NTS is a result of growing environmental awareness of Brazilian producers emerged from positive environmental effect of NTS. Nevertheless, the systems have their own drawbacks and advantages. Assessing environmental and economic impacts of both systems is helpful on assisting agricultural policy makers and making information available to producers. Therefore, this work aims at measuring the trade"=offs of soybean (\textit{Glycine max} L.) and maize (\textit{Zea mays} L.) produced under NTS and CTS by quantifying production costs and two environmental costs: CO$_{2}$ emissions and herbicide level in the soil. Along with that, we highlight economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of both systems, critically analyse policies and incentives to meet environmental gains as well as place them into the discourse of sustainable agriculture in Brazil.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Environmental costs, no"=tillage, production costs, tillage
\index[key]{Environmental!costs}
\index[key]{No"=tillage}
\index[key]{Production costs}
\index[key]{Tillage}
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