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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Microbiological Quality and Probable Milk Losses in Rural and Peri"=Urban Sub Value Chains - Kenya},pdfauthor={Joy Deborah Orwa, Patrick Muliro, Joseph Matofari},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Microbiological quality, milk spoilage, probable losses, value chain},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Microbiological Quality and Probable Milk Losses in Rural and Peri"=Urban Sub Value Chains - Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Joseph Matofari, Egerton University, Dept. of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Box 536-20115, Nakuru, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{jmatofari@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Joy Deborah Orwa$^{1}$, Patrick Muliro$^{2}$, Joseph Matofari$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Egerton University, Dairy \& Food Science and Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Egerton University, Dept. of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Egerton University, Dept. of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Kenya}}}
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\index[author]{Orwa, Joy Deborah}
\index[author]{Muliro, Patrick}
\index[author]{Matofari, Joseph}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Milk spoilage is one of the major causes of dairy losses in Kenya. While there is an increasing demand for milk and dairy products, the losses have been on the rise. This study aimed at profiling the microbiological quality of raw milk from the udder to the cooling centres in rural and peri urban value chains. A nested design was used in sample collection and interpretation of results. Samples were collected directly from the udder at milking time, at the farm gate after bulking, from transporters delivering to cooling centres and from the cooling centres. A total of 461 raw milk samples were collected. Microbiological analysis were done following standard procedures of ISO and American Public Health Association, these included total viable counts (TVC), thermophilic bacterial counts (ThBC),  Psychrotrophic bacterial count (PBC), Coliform Counts (CC), Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae \textit{E.~coli}  and bacillus. For both nodes the collection centres recorded the highest in TVC (rural 10\textsuperscript{5}{cfu}\,{ml}\textsuperscript{-1}, peri urban 10\textsuperscript{6}{cfu}\,{ml}\textsuperscript{-1}) with transporters at both nodes recording the highest percentage for gram negative rods (rural \mbox{63.3\,\%}, peri urban \mbox{62.5\,\%}). Losses due to microbiological quality were determined based on the KEBS standards (2$\times$10\textsuperscript{5}{cfu}\,{ml}\textsuperscript{-1}). Transporters node at peri urban location recorded the highest (\mbox{30\,\%}) for probable losses. Given the high counts recorded at all nodes (upto 10\textsuperscript{7}{cfu}\,{ml}\textsuperscript{-1}), hygiene need to be high from milk production (farms) throughout the value chain. Mitigation measures geared towards reduction of dairy losses, should target the transporters node. Introduction of cooling facilicies and use of food grade equipment is highly recommended.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Microbiological quality, milk spoilage, probable losses, value chain
\index[key]{Microbiological quality}
\index[key]{Milk spoilage}
\index[key]{Probable losses}
\index[key]{Value chain}
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