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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Characterisation of Smallholder Tomato Farmers' Exposure and Response Mechanisms to Climate Change Effects in Kenya},pdfauthor={Lawrence Moranga, David Otieno, Willis Oluoch-Kosura},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Climate change effects, Kenya, response mechanisms, smallholder farmers},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Characterisation of Smallholder Tomato Farmers' Exposure and Response Mechanisms to Climate Change Effects in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Lawrence Moranga, University of Nairobi, Agricultural Economics, 29053 Upper Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{lomoranga@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Lawrence Moranga$^{1}$, David Otieno$^{2}$, Willis Oluoch-Kosura$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Nairobi, Agricultural Economics, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Nairobi, Agricultural Economics, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Nairobi, Agricultural Economics, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Moranga, Lawrence}
\index[author]{Otieno, David}
\index[author]{Oluoch-Kosura, Willis}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This paper presents the findings of a study conducted in Taita-Taveta County in Kenya whose purpose was to identify the climate change adaptation measures put in place by smallholder tomato farmers. Climate change effects have become increasingly evident with droughts, crop failures, reduced yields, diseases and pests becoming more common. Thus, farmers ought to adjust to the new conditions in order to cushion themselves from these negative effects. The results of this study show that a majority of the farmers are aware that climate change is taking place with most of them having experienced higher temperatures and reduced rainfall amount in the past twenty to thirty years. However, limited access to credit and low level of extension contacts were identified as some of the challenges farmers face as they try to adapt. On"=farm irrigation of crops was reported to be widely adopted amongst the farmers although water rationing in the irrigation schemes is perennial due to dwindling volumes of water in the source streams. Other coping measures being implemented by farmers include planting trees, mulching, use of disease resistant varieties, income diversification and planting drought tolerant varieties. In view of these findings, more efforts and resources should be directed towards enabling adaptation to climate change besides creating awareness. Furthermore, emphasis should be laid on breeding new seed varieties that are not only tolerant to high temperatures but also resistant to diseases. The county government in collaboration with other partners should also work towards reducing water losses in irrigation schemes by, for instance, increasing canal linings and constructing more water harvesting structures. This will ensure optimal use of both natural and economic resources to effectively manage adverse effects of climate change at the farm level for sustainable yields.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Climate change effects, Kenya, response mechanisms, smallholder farmers
\index[key]{Climate change effects}
\index[key]{Kenya}
\index[key]{Response mechanisms}
\index[key]{Smallholder!farmers}
\end{document}
