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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Chemical Composition of Untreated and Urea"=Treated Orange and Pineapple Pulp},pdfauthor={Kafayat Yusuf, Ronke Aderinboye, Olubukola Isah, Chryss Onwuka},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Crude protein, dry matter, orange pulp, pineapple pulp, urea-teatment},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Chemical Composition of Untreated and Urea"=Treated Orange and Pineapple Pulp\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Kafayat Yusuf, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Alabata Road, 110001~Abeokuta, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{yomowumi@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Kafayat Yusuf, Ronke Aderinboye, Olubukola Isah, Chryss Onwuka}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Nigeria}}}
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\index[author]{Yusuf, Kafayat}
\index[author]{Aderinboye, Ronke}
\index[author]{Isah, Olubukola}
\index[author]{Onwuka, Chryss}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The study assessed the gross energy, dry matter, proximate, fibre fraction, anti"=nutritional factors and mineral composition of untreated and urea"=treated orange and pineapple pulp. Fresh collection of each pulp was divided into two parts; one part was sun dried for 3 days while the other part was treated with \mbox{4\,\%} urea solution and fermented for a 24hr period after which it was also sun dried for three days. This was carried out four times for each of the pulp resulting in four samples. Chemical composition of the untreated and urea"=treated samples were carried out using standard procedures and data generated were analysed using one"=way analysis of variance for a completely randomised design. Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin values of urea"=treated orange and pineapple pulp were higher than that of the untreated samples.Urea"=treatment increased the crude protein of orange pulp (\mbox{9.76\,\%}) and pineapple pulp (9.07) appreciably. There were no significant differences ($p < 0.05$)in the gross energy (MJ/Kg) value of both the untreated and urea"=treated  orange (21.04; 22.02) and pineapple pulp (21.42; 21.60). Urea"=treatment did not significantly ($p > 0.05$) affected the mineral content of the pulp, however it further reduced saponin and flavonoid level significantly although the levels were not initially high. Oxalate was totally absent in pineapple pulp while minute amount (\mbox{0.006\,\%}) was present in untreated orange pulp but disappear after urea"=treatment. It was therefore concluded that to improve the protein level and fibre digestibility, and further reduce saponin and flavonoid levels of orange and pineapple pulp for ruminant feeding,they should be fermented with \mbox{4\,\%} urea solution.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Crude protein, orange pulp, pineapple pulp, urea"=teatment
\index[key]{Crude protein}
\index[key]{Orange pulp}
\index[key]{Pineapple pulp}
\index[key]{Urea"=teatment}
\end{document}
