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\hypersetup{pdftitle={\textit{In vivo} Multiplication of Banana for Small Scale Farmers},pdfauthor={John Opata, Joschua Skala, Martin Hegele, Suputtra  Hegele, Beloved M. Dzomeku, Jens Norbert Wünsche},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Benzylaminopurine, infiltration, macropropagation, meristem, plantlets},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{\textit{In vivo} Multiplication of Banana for Small Scale Farmers\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} John Opata, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Crop Science, 70593~Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{soldieroj@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{John Opata$^{1}$, Joschua Skala$^{1}$, Martin Hegele$^{1}$, Suputtra  Hegele$^{1}$, Beloved M. Dzomeku$^{2}$, Jens Norbert Wünsche$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Crop Science, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$CSIR - Crops Research Institute, Ghana}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Opata, John}
\index[author]{Skala, Joschua}
\index[author]{Hegele, Martin}
\index[author]{Hegele, Suputtra }
\index[author]{Dzomeku, Beloved M.}
\index[author]{Wünsche, Jens Norbert}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Banana and plantain (\textit{Musa} AAB) are very important food crops in Ghana and are grown widely in almost all the agro"=ecological zones, except the Savannah regions. Despite the significance of these crops, there are major challenges getting healthy and clean planting material to establish productive and sustainable plantations. Traditionally, farmers in sub-Saharan Africa use suckers and corms which in most cases are infested with pests and diseases. Tissue culture is able to produce clean and healthy planting material but the cost of acquiring tissue culture plants is very high and in most cases not available to small holder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. It is upon these reasons that an \textit{in~vivo} propagation trial was carried out at the University of Hohenheim, Germany. Corms, the swollen underground plant stem of plantain, were manipulated by mechanically removing all leaf sheaths and thereby exposing latent buds on the corms. The corms were then treated by (1) destroying the apical meristem with a crosswise incision which suppresses apical dominance and (2) immersion or vacuum infiltration with Benzylaminopurine (BAP) solutions at 10\textsuperscript{-3} or 10\textsuperscript{-5} M, respectively. Treated and untreated corms were planted in a germination bed filled with a growing substrate inside a greenhouse in a randomised complete block design. The germination bed was watered copiously initially and watering was done every three days to increase the relative humidity in the enclosed greenhouse. The results demonstrated that vacuum infiltration enhanced solution uptake and increased the number of plantlets produced when compared to the immersion method. Corms that were vacuum infiltrated with either BAP concentrations produced plants with bigger stems and more roots than BAP immersed or non"=treated corms. The results proved that farmers should vacuum infiltrate corms with BAP for producing robust shoots.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Benzylaminopurine, infiltration, macropropagation, meristem, plantlets
\index[key]{Infiltration}
\index[key]{Macropropagation}
\index[key]{Meristem}
\index[key]{Plantlets}
\index[key]{Banana}
\end{document}
