\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Soil Organic Carbon in Three Livestock Production Systems in Valle del PatÍa -- Colombia},pdfauthor={Eiver Julian Cotacio, Sandra Morales Velasco, Nelson José Vivas Quila, Noé Albán Lopez, Jhon Fredy Gutierrez, Belisario Hincapie, Michael Peters},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agriculture systems, COS, silvopastoral},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Soil Organic Carbon in Three Livestock Production Systems in Valle del PatÍa -- Colombia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Sandra Morales Velasco, University of Cauca, Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Calle 5 No. 4-70, 2~Popayàn, Colombia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{samorales@unicauca.edu.co}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Eiver Julian Cotacio$^{1}$, Sandra Morales Velasco$^{2}$, Nelson José Vivas Quila$^{3}$, Noé Albán Lopez$^{4}$, Jhon Fredy Gutierrez$^{5}$, Belisario Hincapie$^{6}$, Michael Peters$^{7}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Universidad del Cauca, Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Cauca, Dep. of Agricultural Sciences, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Cauca, Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Cauca, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$University of Cauca, Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{6}$International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Tropical Forages, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{7}$International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Tropical Forages, Colombia}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Cotacio, Eiver Julian}
\index[author]{Morales Velasco, Sandra}
\index[author]{Vivas Quila, Nelson José}
\index[author]{Albán Lopez, Noé}
\index[author]{Gutierrez, Jhon Fredy}
\index[author]{Hincapie, Belisario}
\index[author]{Peters, Michael}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) measurements is a biophysical quality indicator and it is related to yield in agriculture systems, it can be found as organic residuals from vegetables, animals and microorganisms and in forms of composition close to the elemental carbon; relating to the mineralisation processes of the edaphic micro biota, a fundamental element to calculate CO$_{2}$ emissions to the atmosphere. According to this, in order to establish strategies of management to contribute to the sustainability of livestock production in Valle del Patía, three systems were sampled (naturalized, improved, and silvopastoral) with 6 repetitions each one, analizing the content of organic matter under recommendations of Walkley and Black method.



The results show higher values for the use of improved soil (COS 2.06\%; MO \unitfrac[3.55]{g}{kg}), given by the conventional farming practices (plow, rake), fertilisation and planting of improved forages such as grasses of the genre \textit{Brachiaria} sp., that contribute to the incorporation of nutrients, improvement of the pH and exudates that contribute to the mineralisation of nutrients and the retention of carbon in soils. Followed by the naturalized (COS 1.84\%; MO \unitfrac[3.18]{g}{kg}) and finally the silvopastoral (COS 1.74\%; MO \unitfrac[3.0]{g}{kg}); explained by the interaction of the diverse radicular forms that allow better aerobe capacity in soils and then, a higher activity of the edaphic micro biotic, with a contribution to the mineralisation and stocks of inorganic carbon.



Despite not having a complete carbon balance on each of the systems, the above shows that the inclusion of forages technologies alone, or in association with threes, generate a positive impact around the environmental services, in particular with the carbon (C) capture and the recovery of degraded soils, by the effect of the soil chemistry.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agriculture systems, COS, silvopastoral
\index[key]{Agriculture systems}
\index[key]{Silvopastoral}
\end{document}
