\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Farmers Perceptions on Fertiliser Application on Major Food Crops Around the Buea Municipality},pdfauthor={Lekeanju N Tayoh, Irene Kiyo Lenyu Mumah, Francis Nkemnyi Mbunya},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Farmers perception, fertilisers, food crops, food safety},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Farmers Perceptions on Fertiliser Application on Major Food Crops Around the Buea Municipality\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Lekeanju N Tayoh, Resource Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, Agriculture for Local Development, Chife Street, Bomaka, BP 30~Buea, Cameroon, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{leketayoh3@hotmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Lekeanju N Tayoh$^{1}$, Irene Kiyo Lenyu Mumah$^{2}$, Francis Nkemnyi Mbunya$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Resource Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, Agriculture for Local Development, Cameroon}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Resource Centre for Envoronoment and Sustainable Development, Agriculture for Local Development, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Resource Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Tayoh, Lekeanju N}
\index[author]{Lenyu Mumah, Irene Kiyo}
\index[author]{Mbunya, Francis Nkemnyi}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The use of chemical fertiliser in Cameroon is still very low, between \mbox{7\,kg} and \unitfrac[10]{kg}{ha} when compared with western countries above \unitfrac[50]{kg}{ha}, and even other developing nations, but the rate of use is increasing in peri"=urban areas where the need for major food crops are increasing over time. This research work investigates the perception of local farmers applying chemical fertilisers to major food crops around the Buea municipality. 



The survey sites were selected using Purposive sampling (judgemental or selective sampling) in a N-E-W-S sample selection for  the choice of villages,  households and their main food crops. The crops were classified under cereals, vegetables, tubers/root crops and local green spices. The targeted sample size was 300 questionnaires for local farmers in 10 villages and 20 questionnaires for agrochemical retailers. Distribution of questionnaires was done by random sampling technique known as the snowball/chain"=referral sampling with field observations. Two settlement zones were identified; the peri"=urband villages; and the  urban villages. Selection was done considering age group, sex, family status and literacy level.



Mal practices are common with some farmers, though they are aware of consequential health problems (\mbox{78\,\%}). Just a hand full of farmers (\mbox{15\,\%}) have any former training for fertiliser application. Associated health problems were recorded mostly for diarrhoea (\mbox{54\,\%}) and stomach ache (\mbox{11\,\%}). These were mostly linked to Vegetable production and consumption, which recorded the highest quantity of inorganic fertilisers used. In some villages, farmers confirmed increase in crop yields with the application of chemical fertilisers, but dislike their use due to reduce food quality, but the changes were indifferent for some farmers. More women (\mbox{31\,\%}) are involved in food crop production than men (\mbox{27\,\%}) and older people are more involve in food crop activities than the youths. This is also true for the uneducated (\mbox{59\,\%}) who made up the most of agricultural producers in this area.  



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Farmers perception, fertilisers, food crops, food safety
\index[key]{Farmers perception}
\index[key]{Fertilisers}
\index[key]{Food!crops}
\index[key]{Food!safety}
\end{document}
