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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Influence of Soil Characteristics on Germination and Seedling Emergence of Bush Bean and Maize},pdfauthor={Behnam Behtari, Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Depth of 50% emergence inhibition, geometric mean particle diameter, soil clay, soil texture},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Influence of Soil Characteristics on Germination and Seedling Emergence of Bush Bean and Maize\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Behnam Behtari, University of Tabriz, Dept. of Crop Ecology, 1655~Tabriz, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{behtari@live.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Behnam Behtari$^{1}$, Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Tabriz, Dept. of Crop Ecology, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Tabriz, Dept. of Plant Ecophysiology, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Behtari, Behnam}
\index[author]{Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, Adel}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
A field study was carried out to investigation of effects of four depth planting and three soil types with different physical characteristics on bush bean(\textit{Phaseolus vulgaris} var. sunray) and maize(\textit{Zea mays} L. var. Amyla) seed germination and seedling emergence. The aim of the experiments was to investigate if the physical characteristics of the soils were involved in both buried seed ecology and emergence dynamics. The result revealed that germination inhibition due to burial depth was found to be directly proportional to clay content and inversely proportional to sand content. It is well known that such factors are linked to soil porosity, which in turn is closely linked to soil texture.Depth of fifty percent emergence inhibition (Di\mbox{50\,\%}) in clay soil for both bush bean and maize were equal to \mbox{5.3\,cm}, if this was for silty soil respectively 5.4 and \mbox{2.7\,cm}. Significant ($p < 0.01$) linear regressions between clay particle content and Di\mbox{50\,\%} revealed that those soil component had opposite effects in terms of favouring or inhibiting depth mediated inhibition. Therefore with increasing the amount of clay soil, the amount of inhibition increases. The data obtained from these experiments show that the oxygen content in the surrounding soil of seeds can not be an important factor for seed germination differences, so that the effect it was not significant. With increasing geometric mean particle diameter soil inhibition decreased. In conclusion, these experiments demonstrated that soil physical properties have a strong effect on buried"=seed ecology and consequently on seed germination and seedling emergence.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Geometric mean particle diameter, soil clay, soil texture 
\index[key]{Soil!clay}
\index[key]{Soil!texture}
\index[key]{Bush bean}
\index[key]{Maize}
\end{document}
