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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Comparative Efficacy of Different Soil Management Practices in Sorghum and Appraisal of Economic Value},pdfauthor={Shahid Mehmood, Muhammad Shahid Ibni Zamir, Mazhar Hussain},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Economic analysis , grain yield, soil improvement, sorghum, tillage},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Comparative Efficacy of Different Soil Management Practices in Sorghum and Appraisal of Economic Value\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Muhammad Shahid Ibni Zamir, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Agronomy, Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040~Faisalabad, Pakistan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ibnizamir@uaf.edu.pk}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Shahid Mehmood$^{1}$, Muhammad Shahid Ibni Zamir$^{2}$, Mazhar Hussain$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Agronomy, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Agronomy, Pakistan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Agronomy, }}}
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\index[author]{Mehmood, Shahid}
\index[author]{Zamir, Muhammad Shahid Ibni}
\index[author]{Hussain, Mazhar}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The experiment to determine the tillage and mulching effects on soil fertility, grain yield and the economics of applied tillage treatments on sorghum (\textit{Sorghum bicolor} L.) was conducted during autumn 2012 and 2013 at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. A field trail was designed to evaluate the effect of different tillage and mulching practices on grain yield, soil fertility and benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of various applied tillage treatments on sorghum (\textit{Sorghum bicolor} L.). Data depicted that maximum germination count per m$^{2}$ (21.3, 22.2), plant height (236, \mbox{248\,cm}), number of grains per head (1383, 1392), stem diameter (1.34, \mbox{1.36\,cm}), 1000 grain weight (34.36, 38.98 g), biological yield (5.31, 6.89 t ha$^{-1}$), dry matter (18.05, \mbox{20.98\,\%}), dry matter (2.46, 3.15 t ha$^{-1}$), crude protein (7.96, \mbox{8.19\,\%}), crude fiber (31.45, \mbox{34.65\,\%}) and ash contents (6.16, \mbox{6.84\,\%}) were found in the conventional tillage practice compared to reduced and no tillage during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Among mulching treatments, wheat straw mulch (M2) was found superior as compared to rice straw mulch (M3) and no mulch treatments (M1) regarding to yield and economic parameters under study. More organic matter contents and nitrogen percentage were recorded in reduced tillage and wheat straw mulch while the better Phosphorous and Potassium availability were recorded in conventional tillage and wheat straw mulch in both year of study. Findings of this experiment revealed that more net income (916, 1003 \$) and BCR (2.28, 2.32) was recorded in reduced tillage and wheat straw mulch in 2012 and 2013 over other tillage practices. Interaction between tillage and mulching was also found statistically non"=significant. Results concluded that reduced tillage and wheat straw mulch should be used to improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Economic analysis , grain yield, soil improvement, sorghum, tillage
\index[key]{Economic!analysis }
\index[key]{Grain yield}
\index[key]{Soil!improvement}
\index[key]{Sorghum}
\index[key]{Tillage}
\end{document}
