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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Rural Landless Poor and their Recent Changes in Myanmar: Case of Toddy Palm Tenants},pdfauthor={Hnin Yu Lwin, Koichi Fujita},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Jaggery, landless, tenants, toddy palm},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Rural Landless Poor and their Recent Changes in Myanmar: Case of Toddy Palm Tenants\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Hnin Yu Lwin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Division of Eocnomic and Political Dynamics, Heights Tachibana-3 14-2 Takanotamaoka-Cho Sakyo-Ku, 606-8106~Kyoto, Japan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{hninyu@cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Hnin Yu Lwin$^{1}$, Koichi Fujita$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Division of Eocnomic and Political Dynamics, Japan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Division of Economic and Political Dyanmics, }}}
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\index[author]{Lwin, Hnin Yu}
\index[author]{Fujita, Koichi}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The Central Dry Zone is a core poverty"=stricken area in Myanmar. Even under the dry climate with only non"=rice crops are grown, there are many landless people and many of them have long been working as tenants of toddy palm trees for processing brown sugar (jaggery). They are poor and perpetually indebted to the jaggery brokers in the village at high interest rates. The objective of the paper is, based on a recent detailed study of a selected village, to describe such a structure of their livelihood and its trend of changes under the recent economic development and change in the area, in terms of firstly, tighter labour markets under accelerated migration to urban sectors and abroad (especially Malaysia), and secondly, increased borrowing opportunities from several microfinance providers, and thirdly, decreased demand for jaggery in Myanmar.



The study village selected from NyaungOo Township, Mandalay Region, has a total 440 households, of which around100 households are engaged in jiggery production as palm tenants. They pay one"=fourths of jiggery as rent. Although semi"=formal credit sources are available, most of them still regularly rely on credit from jaggery brokers---there are roughly 20 jaggery brokers in the area. The tenants repay the debt gradually in kind (jaggery), which is evaluated lower than the market prices. The implicit interest rate is found exorbitantly high. But under the recent tighter labour market situations and lower demand for jaggery, it becomes increasingly difficult to find palm tenants and some of the palm tree owners have to abandon jaggery production.



The study provides important details on interlinkages between land, labour, credit, and product markets through toddy palm tenancy and jaggery marketing in Myanmar.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Jaggery, landless, tenants, toddy palm
\index[key]{Jaggery}
\index[key]{Landless}
\index[key]{Tenants}
\index[key]{Toddy palm}
\end{document}
