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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Growth and Haematological Assessment of Broiler Chickens Fed Bitter Leaf (\textit{Vernonia amygdalina}) Supplemented Diets},pdfauthor={Frederick Igene, Kelvin Aikpitanyi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bitter leaf, broiler chickens, growth performance, haematological indices},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Growth and Haematological Assessment of Broiler Chickens Fed Bitter Leaf (\textit{Vernonia amygdalina}) Supplemented Diets\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Frederick Igene, Ambrose Alli University, Animal Science, Benin Express  Way, 234~Ekpoma, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{fredogene@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Frederick Igene, Kelvin Aikpitanyi}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Ambrose Alli University, Animal Science, Nigeria}}}
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\index[author]{Igene, Frederick}
\index[author]{Aikpitanyi, Kelvin}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In search for alternatives to antimicrobial agents as growth promoters in poultry and other livestock nutrition, researchers are focusing attention on exploitation of non"=conventional feed resources and herbal plants. This study was undertaken to assess the growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of bitter leaf (\textit{Vernonia amygdalina}) meal (BLM). Ninety (90) Marshal broiler chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups of 18 chicks each with 3 replicates. The chicks were randomly assigned to 5 experimental diets formulated such that diet 1 (negative control) contained no leaf meal nor antibiotics, diet 2 contained \mbox{0.10\,\%} oxytetracycline (positive control), while diets 3, 4 and 5 had BLM inclusion at 1, 2 and \mbox{3\,\%} respectively. Data generated during the experiment were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance in a completely randomized design and means were seperated by Duncan multiple range test using the general linear model programme of the SPSS computer package. Results on growth performance showed that all parameters were significantly affected by dietary treatments. Total feed intake ranged from 7876\,g\,bird\textsuperscript{-1} in the \mbox{3\,\%} BLM diet to 8145\,g\,bird\textsuperscript{-1} in the 2\% BLM. Final weight gain was least (3577\,g\,bird\textsuperscript{-1}) in the negative control diet and highest (3816\,g\,bird\textsuperscript{-1}) in the oxytetracycline diet. Birds on \mbox{1\,\%} and \mbox{2\,\%} BLM compared favourably with the oxytetracycline birds. Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios (2.21 and 2.40 respectively) were better in the oxytetracycline diet. On haematological parameters, white blood cell, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils were significantly highest in the negative control diet while values for oxytetracycline and BLM diets were comparable. Haemoglobin, MCH and MCHC values (14.50\,g\,dl\textsuperscript{-1}, 47.70 pg and 34.80\,g\,dl\textsuperscript{-1} respectively) were better in the oxytetracycline diet. Other blood parameters namely, red cell distribution width, red blood cell, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, platelet and mean platelet volume were not significantly different. Total protein, albumin and globulin values (3.55\,g\,dl\textsuperscript{-1}, 1.50\,g\,dl\textsuperscript{-1} and 2.05\,g\,dl\textsuperscript{-1} respectively) were least in the oxytetracycline diet. It can be concluded that BLM in the diets of broiler chickens shows a great promise as good alternative to the commonly used oxytetracycline antibiotic growth promoter in Nigeria.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bitter leaf, broiler chickens, growth performance, haematological indices
\index[key]{Bitter leaf}
\index[key]{Broiler chickens}
\index[key]{Growth!performance}
\index[key]{Haematological indices}
\end{document}
