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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Cultivated \textit{Brachiaria} Grasses on Soil Quality: Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Soils of the Semi Arid Tropics of Kenya},pdfauthor={Elias Gichangi, Donald Njarui, kezia Magiroi, James Gatheru, Sita Ghimire},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Brachiaria, Carbon sequestration, Chloris gayana, microbial biomass, Pennisetum purpureum},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effects of Cultivated \textit{Brachiaria} Grasses on Soil Quality: Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Soils of the Semi Arid Tropics of Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Elias Gichangi, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research organization (KALRO), Natural Resources, P.O. Box 340-90100, 90100~Machakos, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{gichangim@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Elias Gichangi$^{1}$, Donald Njarui$^{2}$, kezia Magiroi$^{3}$, James Gatheru$^{4}$, Sita Ghimire$^{5}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research organization (KALRO), Natural Resources, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Katumani, Kenya, Animal Production, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kitale, Kenya , Soil Science, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Socio-Economics, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Genomics, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Gichangi, Elias}
\index[author]{Njarui, Donald}
\index[author]{Magiroi, kezia}
\index[author]{Gatheru, James}
\index[author]{Ghimire, Sita}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Soil microbial biomass, is a labile pool of organic matter that is a source and sink of soil nutrients and reflects short term changes in soil quality induced by management and cultural practices. A study was conducted to investigate the changes in microbial biomass carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) following cultivation of \textit{Brachiaria} grass in semi"=arid region of Kenya. The \textit{Brachiaria} grass cultivars included \textit{Brachiaria decumbens} cv. Basilisk, \textit{B.~brizantha} cvs Marandu, MG4, Piatã and Xaraes, \textit{B.~humidicola} cv. Llanero and B. hybrid cv. Mulato II which were compared with two locally cultivated forage grasses (Chloris gayana cv. KAT R$^{3}$ and \textit{Pennisetum purpureum} cv. Kakamega 1) and a bare plot (negative check). The grass treatments were evaluated with fertilisers application (\mbox{40\,kg} P applied at sowing and \mbox{50\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$ in each wet season) and with no fertiliser applications.Microbial biomass C, N and P were determined on field moist rhizosphere soil (18--\mbox{23\,\%} by weight) from a depth of \mbox{10\,cm} using the chloroform fumigation"=extraction technique. Microbial biomass was significantly ($p < 0.01$) influenced by grasses species and N and P fertilisers. Generally, microbial biomass N was higher in plots with grasses than in the bare plots. A significant enrichment of organic matter was noted in the microbial biomass when \textit{Brachiaria} grasses are grown with N and P fertilisers. Among \textit{Brachiaria}, the highest microbial biomass C was recorded in plots with cv. Mulato II and the lowest from the plot with cv. MG4. \textit{Brachiaria} grasses with fertilisers application accumulated the highest microbial C and N compared to grasses without fertilisers, but no interaction was observed between fertiliser and grass cultivars. The cv. Marandu had the highest microbial biomass N (21.2 mg N kg$^{-1}$) in fertiliser treatments whereas cv. Mulato II hybrid had the highest microbial N (14.6 mg N kg$^{-1}$) in no fertiliser treatments. }

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} \textit{Brachiaria}, Carbon sequestration, Chloris gayana, microbial biomass, \textit{Pennisetum purpureum}
\index[key]{Brachiaria@\textit{Brachiaria}}
\index[key]{Carbon sequestration}
\index[key]{Chloris gayana}
\index[key]{Microbial biomass}
\index[key]{Pennisetum purpureum@\textit{Pennisetum purpureum}}
\end{document}
