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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Study of Camel Herd Composition and Milk Yield in Central Libya},pdfauthor={Ahmed Idris, Hasseeb Elbukhary, Amna Alhilo, Hamza Eltaher},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Camel, herd structure, Libya    , milk yield},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{The Study of Camel Herd Composition and Milk Yield in Central Libya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ahmed Idris, Peace University, Animal Production and Range, Mugolad, Alfulla, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{abuelgoni2002@hotmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ahmed Idris$^{1}$, Hasseeb Elbukhary$^{2}$, Amna Alhilo$^{3}$, Hamza Eltaher$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Peace University, Animal Production and Range, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Peace University, Fac. of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Dept. of Animal Production and Range, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Sirte University, Biology, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Nyala University, Animal Production, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Idris, Ahmed}
\index[author]{Elbukhary, Hasseeb}
\index[author]{Alhilo, Amna}
\index[author]{Eltaher, Hamza}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The survey was conducted through a questionnaire and guided interviews with camel owners in selected regions around the four main towns of the Elgufra (Waddan, Hun, Soukana, Zalla and Fougaha) in central Libya. 



In this study, a questionnaire was designed to investigate camel herd composition and estimation of milk yield of she"=camels in different age groups and in different seasons under traditional production system. The collected data were analysed by using descriptive statistics for simple percentages and means. The result of the study showed that, the percentages of the herd structure decreased as the camels age group increased, they were \mbox{13.1\,\%}, \mbox{13.4\,\%}, \mbox{11.6\,\%}, \mbox{10.2\,\%}, \mbox{9.6\,\%}, \mbox{8.5\,\%}, \mbox{7.2\,\%}, \mbox{7.2\,\%}, \mbox{6.3\,\%}, \mbox{6.3\,\%} and \mbox{6.7\,\%} for age groups less than year, 2years, 3 years,4 years, 5years, 6years,7 years,8 years, 9 years, 10 years and more than 11 years respectively. The study showed that Waddan area was recorded higher percentages than the other areas in herd structure for first age and second group. In the third group (3 years ) there were variation in the herd structures, Soukana area was the least percentage in herd structure and Hun was the higher. In the age groups between 7 to 11 years there were variations in the structure in Algufra area.



Also the study showed that, the male camel was very important to the quality and quantity of milk yield of the she"=camel. She"=camel not produce milk in the third year and it called Huga, the milk yield increased after the third year till reached the peak in 18 years in other words she"=camel began to produce more milk after the fifth  parity.



The type of she"=camel also affect to the quantity and quality of milk yield, Khoura type in Algufra produce more milk yield than Harsh, also the type of the feed play important role in milk yield of she"=camel.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Camel, herd structure, Libya    , milk yield
\index[key]{Camel}
\index[key]{Herd structure}
\index[key]{Libya    }
\index[key]{Milk yield}
\end{document}
