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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Technical Efficiency of Apple Production in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh --- A Stochastic Frontier Approach},pdfauthor={Sonia Minhas, Goldi Tewari, Abhijeet Mishra},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Allocative efficiency and economic efficiency, apple, apple growers, efficiency, farms, frontier, horticulture, marketing, production, stochastic, technical efficiency},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Technical Efficiency of Apple Production in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh --- A Stochastic Frontier Approach\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Sonia Minhas, University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Marketing, Cooperation \& Business Management, Institute for Social and Economic Change, VKRV Rao Road, 560072~Bangalore, India, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{sminhas91@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Sonia Minhas$^{1}$, Goldi Tewari$^{2}$, Abhijeet Mishra$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Marketing, Cooperation \& Business Management, India}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ghent University, Communication Sciences Center for Persuasive Communication University of Ghent, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ghent University, Agricultural Economics, Belgium}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Minhas, Sonia}
\index[author]{Tewari, Goldi}
\index[author]{Mishra, Abhijeet}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Horticulture is the mainstay of the Indian agricultural economy. Horticultural production contributes to 29.65 per cent of our agricultural GDP from 13.5 per cent of total agricultural area; and 10 per cent of total agricultural export earnings during the year 2012--13. The present	 study makes an attempt to examine the production and marketing efficiency of apple farming. The study was conducted in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. The primary data was collected from 40 apple growers of Kullu and Nagar blocks of Kullu district. The production efficiency of apple was analysed by using stochastic frontier production function. The study reveals that the inputs, viz., density of plants per hectare, fertilisers, organic manure and labour were the four significant variables positively influencing apple yield. The mean technical efficiency of the apple growers was 0.85 (\mbox{85\,\%}) indicating that the growers were not fully efficient as the average realised output was 15 per cent less than the maximum output. Among the sample farms, the medium farms were the most efficient with technical efficiency of 0.91 followed by large farms with 0.87 efficiency and small farms with 0.84 efficiency. The MVP/MFC ratio was highest for fertilisers followed by organic manure, labour and density of plants Among the three marketing channels prevailing in the study area, channel III (Producer-Retailer-Consumer) was the most efficient channel as indicated by the modified marketing efficiency index of 6.97.The major production constraint faced by apple growers was inadequate irrigation water while the major marketing constraint faced by them was fluctuations in prices.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Allocative efficiency and economic efficiency, apple, apple growers, efficiency, farms, frontier, horticulture, marketing, production, stochastic, technical efficiency
\index[key]{Allocative efficiency and economic efficiency}
\index[key]{Apple}
\index[key]{Apple growers}
\index[key]{Efficiency}
\index[key]{Farms}
\index[key]{Frontier}
\index[key]{Horticulture}
\index[key]{Marketing}
\index[key]{Production}
\index[key]{Stochastic}
\index[key]{Technical!efficiency}
\end{document}
