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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Optimising Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Cattle Manure Application in Wheat Production Using Response"=surface Methodology (RSM)},pdfauthor={Mohsen Jahan, Forough Dehghani-Pour, Ali Jahan},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Box-Behnken design, Eco-Environmental scenario, Grain yield, Nitrogen losses, optimising resources},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Optimising Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Cattle Manure Application in Wheat Production Using Response"=surface Methodology (RSM)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mohsen Jahan, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Azadi Sq., 91775-1163~Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{jahan@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mohsen Jahan$^{1}$, Forough Dehghani-Pour$^{2}$, Ali Jahan$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Soil Science, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Philosophy of Science, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Jahan, Mohsen}
\index[author]{Dehghani-Pour, Forough}
\index[author]{Jahan, Ali}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Negative environmental impacts of chemical fertilisers need to be reduced by optimising application rates and improving fertiliser use efficiencies plus applying natural resources such as manure. Optimal application rates of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as cattle manure were estimated, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was conducted at field level during the 2013--14 and 2014--15 growing seasons. The applied levels of N were 0, 150 and \mbox{300\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ pure N in form of urea and for P fertiliser were 0, 100 and \mbox{200\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ (P$_{2}$O$_{5}$) and for cattle manure were 0, 15 and 30 t ha$^{-1}$. Response variables were measured as Grain yield (GY), dry matter yield (DMY), fertile tiller per plant (FT), relative water content of leaves (RWCL), N losses (NL), and agronomical N use efficiency (ANUE). Both quadratic and linear regression functions were fitted to observed traits and those recognised significant (P $\leq$ 0.05) were analyzed. Increased N and P rates up to \mbox{200\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ made in increased GY. At the highest N application rate (\mbox{300\,kg} ha$^{-1}$) FT per plant were increased linearly by 0 to \mbox{200\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ P, however, a quadratic response to P was observed at lower N levels. Rate optimisation of N, P and manure got based on economic, environmental and eco"=environmental scenarios. In economic scenario, using \mbox{145.4\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ N, \mbox{200\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ P and 18.4 t ha$^{-1}$ manure resulted in \mbox{6500\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ GY with ANUE of \mbox{10.49\,\%}. In environmental scenario, with application of \mbox{21.21\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ N and no application of P, by applying 16.3 t ha$^{-1}$ manure, GY and ANUE of \mbox{3160\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ and \mbox{9.08\,\%} were obtained respectively. In eco"=environmental scenario, 145 and \mbox{34\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ N and P plus 30 t ha$^{-1}$ manure resulted in \mbox{4031\,kg} ha$^{-1}$ GY and a considerable high ANUE of \mbox{16.50\,\%} succeeding \mbox{36.4\,\%} higher than economic scenario. The results indicate the eco"=environmental scenario have advantages over the other scenarios due to high ANUE which is more environmental user"=friendly to sustainable production of winter wheat. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Box-Behnken design, Eco-Environmental scenario, Grain yield, Nitrogen losses, optimising resources
\index[key]{Box-Behnken design}
\index[key]{Eco-Environmental scenario}
\index[key]{Grain yield}
\index[key]{Nitrogen!losses}
\index[key]{Optimizing resources}
\end{document}
