\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Novel Strategy for Adaptation of Anammox Bacteria to Cold Temperatures in Advance Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant},pdfauthor={Riaz Ullah Darmal, Vojta Kouba, Dana Vejmelkova},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Adaptation, anammox, autotrophic nitrogen removal, cold shocks, low temperatures, municipal wastewater},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Novel Strategy for Adaptation of Anammox Bacteria to Cold Temperatures in Advance Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Riaz Ullah Darmal, Lille Catholic University, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Lille, France, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{rdarmal143@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Riaz Ullah Darmal$^{1}$, Vojta Kouba$^{2}$, Dana Vejmelkova$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Lille Catholic University, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, France}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Chemistry and Technology, Dept. of Water Technology and Environmental Enginering, Czech Republic}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Darmal, Riaz Ullah}
\index[author]{Kouba, Vojta}
\index[author]{Vejmelkova, Dana}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is an established alternative to the conventional nitrification"=denitrification treatment system for the removal of nitrogen from streams with low C/N ratio, high ammonia concentrations and high temperature (e.g reject water).Anammox reduces the consumption of energy for aeration and external carbon source for denitrification which is beneficial for the economy and environmental impact of Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). To extend these benefits to the main stream of wastewater, anammox needs to be adapted to the low temperatures of  10--20 °C. But, current adaptation methodologies are time consuming. 







To reduce the time and improve the efficiency of anammox adaptation to cold temperatures, this work describes a novel alternative strategy: subjecting anammox bacteria to cold shocks. Anammox biomass in a moving bed biofilm reactor was subjected to three subsequent low temperature shocks of 5°C for eight hours. After each shock, activity of anammox microorganisms was determined ex"=situ using batch assays at the temperatures of 10,13,16,and 20°C.







The first cold shock increased the activity of anammox bacteria at low temperatures of 10--20 °C. At 10 and 20 °C, the activity of anammox was 300 



g. m$^{-3}$ .d$^{-1}$ and 1845 g. m$^{-3}$ .d$^{-1}$ respectively, approximately five and nine times higher than the activity of control biomass running at same conditions along the experiment without the shock, respectively. The potential activity of anammox determined in the reactor at lab temperature dramatically increased from 329 g. m$^{-3}$ .d$^{-1}$ before the first shock to 710 g. m$^{-3}$ .d$^{-1}$ after the third shock. High specific activity (54 mg. N (g.VSS.d)$^{-1}$) was observed after the first shock in 44 days which shows 16 times reduction of adaptation time and higher activity than previously reported at 10 °C. FISH analysis showed that Brocadia fulgida and Scalindua wagneri were the dominant species before and after the shocks during the study. 







These results demonstrate that cold shocks are a fast and effective strategy for increasing the activity of anammox at low temperatures and thus paving the way for a more sustainable and energy efficient WWTP.}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Adaptation, anammox, autotrophic nitrogen removal, cold shocks, low temperatures, municipal wastewater
\index[key]{Adaptation}
\index[key]{Anammox}
\index[key]{Autotrophic nitrogen removal}
\index[key]{Cold shocks}
\index[key]{Low temperatures}
\index[key]{Municipal wastewater}
\end{document}
