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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Factors Affecting Farmers Attitude Toward Dry"=bed Rice Cultivation in Guilan Province, Iran},pdfauthor={Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani, Abed Ghasemnezhad, Hadi Veisi, Mohammadreza Nazari, Houman Liaghati},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dry-bed rice, education, labour cost, water productivity},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Factors Affecting Farmers Attitude Toward Dry"=bed Rice Cultivation in Guilan Province, Iran\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani, Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Department of Agroecology, Evin street, 1983963113~Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mmd323@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani$^{1}$, Abed Ghasemnezhad$^{2}$, Hadi Veisi$^{3}$, Mohammadreza Nazari$^{4}$, Houman Liaghati$^{5}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Department of Agroecology, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Shahid Behehti University, Agroecology, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Shahid Beheshti University, Institute of Environmental Science, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Mahdavi Damghani, Abdolmajid}
\index[author]{Ghasemnezhad, Abed}
\index[author]{Veisi, Hadi}
\index[author]{Nazari, Mohammadreza}
\index[author]{Liaghati, Houman}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Water scarcity, population increase and low water productivity in paddy rice production systems in Iran has resulted in an urgent need to revision for rice production methods in Guilan, where covers more than \mbox{80\,\%} of rice cropping area of the country. Dry"=bed seeding has shown to reduce water consumption in rice agroecosystems 25--\mbox{40\,\%}. The objective of this study was to evaluate farmers' attitude toward converting their paddy rice farms to dry"=bed seeding system in Guilan Province, northern Iran. Data were collected from 300 farmers by face to face interview in summer 2014. Social profile of farmers showed that \mbox{77\,\%} of farmers had family working, \mbox{62\,\%} had more than 30 years experience as farmer and \mbox{72\,\%} of farmers had private land tenure. Results showed that \mbox{88\,\%} of farmers believed that dry"=bed seeding decreases water consumption; \mbox{84\,\%} of farmers argued that climatic condition of the region is not compatible with dry"=bed rice production and 81 and \mbox{75\,\%} of farmers believed that converting to dry"=bed rice production will be resulted in yield and cooking quality reduction, respectively. However, only \mbox{20\,\%} of farmers argued that dry"=bed seeding will increase labour and input costs and \mbox{37\,\%} taught that this conversion will reduce labour and input costs. Results of this assay revealed that \mbox{53\,\%} of farmers claimed that if they will receive direct subsidies, they are ready to convert to dry"=bed seeding. As about \mbox{46\,\%} of farmers had no clear idea about advantages vs. disadvantages of dry"=bed rice cultivation, education and extension as well as experimental fields have substantial effects on their knowledge, perception and attitude toward sustainable water use in rice agroecosystems. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dry"=bed rice, education, labour cost, water productivity
\index[key]{Dry"=bed rice}
\index[key]{Education}
\index[key]{Labour cost}
\index[key]{Water!productivity}
\end{document}
