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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Study of Greenhouse Gases Emission Based on Inputs of Saffron and Irrigated Wheat Fields in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran},pdfauthor={Hassan Feizi, Farzad Mondani, Hossein Sahabi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Climate change, Direct energy, Energy use efficiency, Greenhouse gases, Renewable energy. },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{The Study of Greenhouse Gases Emission Based on Inputs of Saffron and Irrigated Wheat Fields in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Hassan Feizi, University of Torbat-e-heydarieh, Saffron Institute, Torbat-e-heydarieh, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{hasanfeizi@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Hassan Feizi$^{1}$, Farzad Mondani$^{2}$, Hossein Sahabi$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Torbat-e-heydarieh, Saffron Institute, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Razi University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Torbat Heydarieh, Dept. of Plant Production, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Feizi, Hassan}
\index[author]{Mondani, Farzad}
\index[author]{Sahabi, Hossein}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The aim of this study was evaluation of greenhouse gas emission based on used energy in saffron and irrigated wheat fields in Khorasan Razavi province in Iran. Data and information was collected by using a face to face questionnaire from saffron and wheat fields and Jihad"=e Keshavarzi Organisation in 2015. Results showed that total enrgy input (for 8 years duration) and anuual average of energy use were 304.6 and \unitfrac[38.08]{GJ}{ha} in saffron fields, while total energy use was \unitfrac[43.1]{GJ}{ha} in wheat fields. In the growing season of saffron, the highest energy uses were seen in electricity (43.88), corm (\mbox{20.3\,\%}), chemical fertiliser (\mbox{10.15\,\%}), water irrigation (\mbox{9.27\,\%}), manure (\mbox{7.45\,\%}) and labour. In wheat fields, the highest energy use was related to electricity (\mbox{41.4\,\%}), chemical fertiliser (\mbox{23.3\,\%}), fossile fuel (\mbox{12\,\%}) and water irrigation (\mbox{11.4\,\%}). Energy use efficiency was 0.003 and 1.95 for saffron (based on stigma) and wheat, respectively. Sum of greenhouse gas emission was \mbox{33099.1\,kg} CO$_{2}$ for 8 years saffron production and \mbox{1125.4\,kg} Co$_{2}$ for one kg stigma production. Also sum of greenhouse gas emission was \mbox{3408.2\,kg} CO$_{2}$ /ha in wheat farms and o\mbox{.81\,kg} Co$_{2}$ for one kg wheat seed production. The most important inputs in greenhouse gas emission were electricity \mbox{22574.4\,kg} CO$_{2}$ /ha (\mbox{68.2\,\%}) and manure \mbox{9531.4\,kg} CO$_{2}$/ha (\mbox{28.8\,\%}) in saffron fields. But in wheat fields the highest gas emission was belonged to electricity (\mbox{88.5\,\%}) and manure (\mbox{4.2\,\%}). Although manures are renewable energy but high consumption of manutres in saffron fields (during 8 years \unitfrac[75648.5]{kg}{ha}), its greenhouse gas emission was the highest.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Climate change, Direct energy, Energy use efficiency, Greenhouse gases, Renewable energy. 
\index[key]{Climate change}
\index[key]{Direct energy}
\index[key]{Energy use efficiency}
\index[key]{Greenhouse gases}
\index[key]{Renewable energy. }
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