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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Water Harvesting Techniques on Soil Moisture Content},pdfauthor={Abdel Rahman Mohamed Nour Hamed, Nazar Omer Hassan Salih, Manal Omer Mohammed Abdulgadir},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Harvesting, intercropping, soil, sorghum, variability, water},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effect of Water Harvesting Techniques on Soil Moisture Content\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Abdel Rahman Mohamed Nour Hamed, University of Al-Neelain, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, North Kahrtoum, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{agrineelain@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Abdel Rahman Mohamed Nour Hamed$^{1}$, Nazar Omer Hassan Salih$^{2}$, Manal Omer Mohammed Abdulgadir$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Al-Neelain, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Al-Neelain, Dept. of Crop Production, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Al-Neelain, Dept. of Animal Production, Sudan}}}
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\index[author]{Mohamed Nour Hamed, Abdel Rahman}
\index[author]{Hassan Salih, Nazar Omer}
\index[author]{Omer Mohammed Abdulgadir, Manal}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Effects of five water harvesting techniques (mulching, intercropping, stone barriers, crescent and L-shaped bund) plus control and three slope gradients (\mbox{0.97\,\%}, \mbox{1.36\,\%} and \mbox{1.76\,\%}) on soil water status and \textit{Sorghum bicolor} L. performance were investigated. The moisture content of the soil was measured at three periods (before crop sowing, at mid"=season and after harvest) and at four depths (0--15, 15--30, 30--60 and 60--\mbox{90\,cm}). Each technique was replicated four times in a factorial arrangement. The results of this study show that land slope and its interaction with water harvesting technique had no significant effects on soil moisture content and plant parameters under study. However, the soil and plant parameters were significantly influenced by the water harvesting techniques during both growing seasons through improving the structure, infertility and water storage capacity of the soil over control. The variability of soil moisture content and plant parameters increased during the drier season and decreased during the wetter season. Soil depth, measurement period and their interaction had highly significance effects on soil moisture content during both growing seasons. Difference among the water harvesting techniques were more pronounced in the topsoil layer (0--\mbox{30\,cm}) with no appreciable differences below \mbox{30\,cm} depth. Straw mulching conserved more moisture within one profile, particularly at the medium and lower depths (30--90). It also consistently retained more run"=off water than the other techniques, at all stages of plant growth, in both growing seasons followed by earth and stone bunding. This was clearly reflected by the better establishment and yield components of sorghum, hence greater gross returns. However, mulching was less effective for prolonged periods when the surface of the soil was dry. Crescent"=shaped earth bunding treatment ranked second to mulching in moisture storage and plant parameters. It showed no significant difference from stone barriers in water storage and crop performance. On the other hand control treatment produced the lowest moisture values followed by intercropping and stone barriers, which were more profitable compared to the other techniques in both growing seasons. However, the relative advantages of intercropping were less under conditions of severe water stress.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Harvesting, intercropping, soil, sorghum, variability, water
\index[key]{Harvesting}
\index[key]{Intercropping}
\index[key]{Soil!}
\index[key]{Sorghum}
\index[key]{Variability}
\index[key]{Water}
\end{document}
