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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Contribution of 4r Nutrient Stewardship to Livelihoods in Cocoa Smallholder Systems},pdfauthor={Thomas Oberthür, Munir Hoffmann, Marianne Samson, Kate Janetski},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Cocoa, crop nutrition, livelihoods, smallholder systems, yield},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Contribution of 4r Nutrient Stewardship to Livelihoods in Cocoa Smallholder Systems\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Thomas Oberthür, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Southeast Asia Program, Jalan Batu Maung Batu Maung Bayan Lepas, 11960~Pernang, Malaysia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{toberthur@ipni.net}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Thomas Oberthür$^{1}$, Munir Hoffmann$^{2}$, Marianne Samson$^{3}$, Kate Janetski$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Southeast Asia Program, Malaysia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Crop Sciences - Tropical Agronomy, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Southeast Asia Program, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Community Solutions International, Cocoa Care, Indonesia}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Oberthür, Thomas}
\index[author]{Hoffmann, Munir}
\index[author]{Samson, Marianne}
\index[author]{Janetski, Kate}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Sulawesi is the heart of Indonesia cocoa production, accounting for \mbox{65\,\%} of the total national production. At the end of 1990s, Indonesia cocoa production was reaching 700,000 tons per annum. By 2013, pests and poor farm management have reduced cocoa production to about 420,000 tons per annum. Many cocoa farmers are in danger of being trapped in a downward spiral with yields of less than \mbox{500\,kg} of dry beans per ha per year, while at the same time global markets are strong. Yet, cocoa remains a crucial component for farmers' livelihood. 



Cocoa Care is a scalable sustainability program, implemented by Community Solutions International, and aimed at raising the living standards and productivity of cocoa farmers in Sulawesi. Together with private and institutional partners, it is helping poor farming families reaching a better economic future by providing farm management trainings with necessary tools and community support. The International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) Southeast Asia Program engages Cocoa Care on soil rehabilitation; having identified this as an opportunity to develop sustainable intensification of cacao systems around good agricultural practices (GAP), including 4R Nutrient Stewardship, using farmer"=led experimentation as the mechanism to increase cacao yield and quality, and income of farmers. 



This paper demonstrates with data from three farming groups with more than 50 farms how responsible crop nutrition leads not only to higher cacao yields and improves bean quality, but contributes to increased income of smallholder farming communities. We will outline the scalable engagement model, the on"=farm research design, and demonstrate how farmer led experimentation reduces scientific knowledge gaps on cacao crop nutrition while contributing to economically stable farming systems. The information provided in this paper quantifies the significant reduction of yield gaps with responsible nutrition and GAP, and translates this into livelihood improvements. At the same time we provide new scientific data on nutrient uptake and removal by cacao to complement the patchy information in the literature. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Cocoa, crop nutrition, livelihoods, smallholder systems, yield
\index[key]{Cocoa}
\index[key]{Crop!nutrition}
\index[key]{Livelihoods}
\index[key]{Smallholder!systems}
\index[key]{Yield}
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