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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Watershed Management, Efforts Beyond Farm Level in Southern Mali},pdfauthor={Birhanu Zemadim, Kalifa Traore, Murali Khrisha Gumma, Ramadjita Tabo},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agricultural productivity, contour bunding, contour line farming, farm level interventions, farming practices, hydro-meteorological monitoring, land use/land cover changes, Mali, participatory approach, semi-arid region, shallow wells, watershed managemen},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Watershed Management, Efforts Beyond Farm Level in Southern Mali\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Birhanu Zemadim, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), West and Central Africa Regional Center, Samanko, BP 320~Bamako, Mali, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{z.birhanu@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Birhanu Zemadim$^{1}$, Kalifa Traore$^{2}$, Murali Khrisha Gumma$^{3}$, Ramadjita Tabo$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), West and Central Africa Regional Center, Mali}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Institute Economy Rurale (IER), Plant and Soil, Mali}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Asia Regional Center, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Zemadim, Birhanu}
\index[author]{Traore, Kalifa}
\index[author]{Gumma, Murali Khrisha}
\index[author]{Tabo, Ramadjita}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Farm level productivity issues have been the focus of most agronomic research supporting developmental activities. This focus however lacks efforts to manage interactions among components and actors beyond the level of the farm. Integration at watershed level on the other hand, addresses component interactions between farms and between farms and other landscape units (forests, springs, ground water sources, soil moisture status, rivers etc.). Recent developments in agricultural research require broader units of analyses and interventions, including landscape, catchment and watershed. The current paper presents practices of integrated component interactions at a community managed watershed learning site in the Sudanian zone of Mali. Existing problems of rain fed agricultural practices at farm level were defined to achieve a collective action through community participation. In the identified watershed new sets of monitoring stations were established to offset the gap of on station data. Using long term data and records of on station measurements biophysical characterisation was conducted. Additionally remote sensing based study of land use/ land cover (LULC), changes in LULC over time (1991, 2002, and 2014) was conducted using Landsat imagery to quantify changes over time and evaluate post intervention changes. Results indicate that steady increase in cropland has been observed from 1991 to 2014 from \mbox{1637\,ha} to \mbox{2682\,ha} at the expense of rangelands/shrub lands. Agricultural area mainly for cotton and maize was increased from \mbox{390\,ha} (\mbox{7\,\%}) in 1991 to \mbox{1621\,ha} (\mbox{28\,\%}) in 2014. This is due to increased availability of water from constructed contour bunds at farm level which have increased over time. Shift of staple crop from sorghum to maize was observed as well during the study period (1991--2014).  The aridity, i.e. high evapotranspiration and the low potential for surface runoff storage demanded measures that could improve moisture availability in the sub surface. In this case adoption of shallow wells and contour bunding provided a new dimension to the changes in agricultural practices. The paper concludes with a discussion on key findings, implications of the methodology applied, possible technological options and the way forward to develop a sustainable watershed programme in southern Mali.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agricultural productivity, contour bunding, contour line farming, farm level interventions, farming practices, hydro"=meteorological monitoring, land use/land cover changes, Mali, participatory approach, semi"=arid region, shallow wells, watershed managem
\index[key]{Agricultural!productivity}
\index[key]{Contour bunding}
\index[key]{Contour line farming}
\index[key]{Farm!level interventions}
\index[key]{Farming practices}
\index[key]{Hydro"=meteorological monitoring}
\index[key]{Land!use/land cover changes}
\index[key]{Mali}
\index[key]{Participatory!approach}
\index[key]{Semi"=arid region}
\index[key]{Shallow wells}
\index[key]{Watershed managem}
\end{document}
