\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Hermetic Storage for Controlling Postharvest Losses and Aflatoxin Poisoning on Maize in Kenya},pdfauthor={Jeremiah Ng'ang'a, Christopher Mutungi, Samuel Imathiu, Hippolyte D. Affognon},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Aflatoxin, hermetic bags, maize, mould, on-farm storage, storage pests},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Hermetic Storage for Controlling Postharvest Losses and Aflatoxin Poisoning on Maize in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Jeremiah Ng'ang'a, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology/jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Postharvest (ICIPE)/ Food Science and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{kandojeremies@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Jeremiah Ng'ang'a$^{1}$, Christopher Mutungi$^{2}$, Samuel Imathiu$^{3}$, Hippolyte D. Affognon$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology/jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Postharvest (ICIPE)/ Food Science and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Egerton University, Dairy Food Science and Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Food Science and Technology, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Technology Uptake, Mali}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ng'ang'a, Jeremiah}
\index[author]{Mutungi, Christopher}
\index[author]{Imathiu, Samuel}
\index[author]{Affognon, Hippolyte D.}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Participatory on"=farm trials were conducted to assess effectiveness of plastic hermetic bags for storage of maize in rural on"=farm stores in Kenya. The triple layer bags are designed to offer a barrier against the influx of oxygen and the escape of carbon dioxide. Shelled maize grain was purchased from the farmers, and filled in the hermetic or in jute or woven polypropylene (PP) bags and the three bags set kept in the farmers' own stores for 35 weeks. Grain moisture, live insect population, grain damage and weight loss, and total mould were examined at onset and after every 7 weeks while total aflatoxin contamination was examined at onset and after 14, 28 and 35 weeks. Temperature and relative humidity in the trial site and inside the bags, as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the hermetic bags were monitored. Initial moisture content of maize ranged between 12.4 --- \mbox{15.0\,\%}. 



Oxygen and carbon dioxide compositions demonstrated that the hermetic bags are capable of sustaining good air"=barrier properties. Moisture content (m.c.) of maize stored in hermetic bags remained significantly higher ($p < 0.05$) than in PP and jute bags in the last 14 weeks of storage. Maize stored in hermetic bags remained free from insect infestation and the weight loss due to insect damage was below \mbox{1\,\%} while PP and jute bags permitted profuse build"=up of insect populations and grain damage reached \mbox{77.6\,\%} and \mbox{82.3\,\%} corresponding to \mbox{41.2\,\%} and \mbox{48.5\,\%} weight loss respectively. Total mould and aflatoxin contamination of maize stored at an initial m.c. $<$ \mbox{13\,\%} and \mbox{13\,\%} $\leq$ m.c. $\leq$ \mbox{14\,\%} increased significantly in PP and jute bags but not in the hermetic ones. After 35 weeks, total aflatoxin in the PP and jute bags with an initial m.c. $<$ \mbox{13\,\%} and \mbox{13\,\%} $\leq$ m.c. $\leq$\mbox{14\,\%} increased 5--8 folds. Total mould and aflatoxin contamination of maize stored at an initial m.c. $>$ \mbox{14\,\%} increased in the three types of bags. These findings demonstrate that hermetic bags are effective in controlling losses caused by storage pests and can prevent aflatoxin accumulation if grain moisture is $<$ \mbox{14\,\%}.







}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Aflatoxin, hermetic bags, maize, mould, on"=farm storage, storage pests
\index[key]{Aflatoxin}
\index[key]{Hermetic bags}
\index[key]{Maize}
\index[key]{Mould}
\index[key]{On"=farm storage}
\index[key]{Storage pests}
\end{document}
