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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Somatic Cell Counts as an Indicator of Postharvest Losses in Milk Production Systems in Kenya},pdfauthor={Basole Olivier Kashongwe, Joseph Matofari, Bockline Bebe},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Mastitis, pastoral system, post-harvest milk losses, pre-harvest losses, smallholder dairy systems, somatic cell counts},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Somatic Cell Counts as an Indicator of Postharvest Losses in Milk Production Systems in Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Basole Olivier Kashongwe, Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Science, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{okashongwe@yahoo.fr}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Basole Olivier Kashongwe$^{1}$, Joseph Matofari$^{2}$, Bockline Bebe$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Science, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Egerton University, Dept. of Dairy, Food Science and Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Egerton University, Dept. of Animal Science, Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kashongwe, Basole Olivier}
\index[author]{Matofari, Joseph}
\index[author]{Bebe, Bockline}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This study evaluated the influence of increased somatic cell counts (SCC) on milk pre"=harvest and post"=harvest losses (PHL) in a sample of smallholder dairy farms in rural (32) and peri"=urban (32) and another sample of pastoral camel herds (15). Udder quarters of all milking animals were tested for mastitis and milk samples collected were subjected to direct microscopic somatic cell count, identification of \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} and \textit{Streptococcus~spp.} Pre"=harvest losses were estimated as the proportion (percentage) of cows and herds with somatic cell count ($>$ 200,\unitfrac[000]{cells}{ml}) using the method by Tyler (1989). Milk was considered a post"=harvest loss when SCC exceeded 400\,$\times$\,\unitfrac[103]{cells}{ml} which is the level of clinical mastitis. PHL in pastoral camel production system was determined using proportion of herds with camels' positive for mastitis and positive for \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} and \textit{Streptococcus~spp.} At system level, the incidence of mastitis was higher in smallholder systems (\mbox{60.7\,\%}) than in pastoral systems (\mbox{57.56\,\%}). The incidence of \textit{Staphylococcus aureus} and Streptococcus spp in mastitis positive samples was of \mbox{57.9\,\%} and \mbox{23.7\,\%} respectively in smallholder systems, and \mbox{41.6\,\%} and \mbox{36.5\,\%} in pastoral. This incidence may pose health concerns to consumers. For camel milk, since a considerable amount of milk is reported to be commercialised after spontaneous fermentation during transportation to market, concerns are higher. In pastoral system, feeding systems had an influence on SCC with milk from camels grazing having lower SCC than milk from those feeding on Euphorbia tirucali and shrubs respectively. In the study area, the general high SCC level in milk may be attributed to prolonged and widespread exposure of animals to mastitis pathogens. Production losses due to high SCC were estimated at \unitfrac[0.9]{Kg}{Cow}/day for \mbox{40\,\%} of farms in rural areas, while it was between 0.49 to \unitfrac[0.89]{Kg}{cow}/day in peri"=urban areas. Post"=harvest milk losses due to high SCC was of \mbox{27\,\%}, \mbox{7\,\%} and \mbox{57\,\%} of milk produced in rural, peri"=urban and pastoral systems respectively. Somatic cell counts coupled mastitis test and identification of major mastitis pathogens can be used as indicators of milk losses. Training farmers in quality testing will help monitor milk quality and reduce PHL.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Mastitis, pastoral system, post"=harvest milk losses, pre"=harvest losses, smallholder dairy systems, somatic cell counts
\index[key]{Mastitis}
\index[key]{Pastoral system}
\index[key]{Post"=harvest milk losses}
\index[key]{Pre"=harvest losses}
\index[key]{Smallholder!dairy systems}
\index[key]{Somatic cell counts}
\end{document}
