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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Effects of Nano Chemical Fertilisers on some Physio"=morphological Characteristics of two Species from Fabaceae},pdfauthor={Elham Azizi, Atena Mirblock, Assieh Behdad, Mansoureh-Sadat Sharifi-Noori},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Biological nitrogen-fixing, Dry weight.  , Leaf area, size of nodule},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{The Effects of Nano Chemical Fertilisers on some Physio"=morphological Characteristics of two Species from Fabaceae\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Elham Azizi, Payame Noor University, Dept. of Agronomy, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{azizi40760@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Elham Azizi$^{1}$, Atena Mirblock$^{2}$, Assieh Behdad$^{3}$, Mansoureh-Sadat Sharifi-Noori$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Payame Noor University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Payame Noor University, Department of Agronomy, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Payame Noor University, Department of Agronomy, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Payame Noor University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Azizi, Elham}
\index[author]{Mirblock, Atena}
\index[author]{Behdad, Assieh}
\index[author]{Sharifi-Noori, Mansoureh-Sadat}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The use of nano"=fertilisers as an effective approach to increase the availability of nutrients for plants has been highly regarded. With using Nano"=fertilisers, time and rate of release plant nutrients will be according to plant nutrition needs, so the plant can absorb the maximum amount of nutrients and thus the leaching of nutrients decreases and crop yield increases. In order to investigate nano"=molybdenum and calcium fertilisers on growth parameters, nodulation and amount of calcium and molybdenum of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and bean (\textit{Phaseolus vulgaris}) two separate experiments were conducted as a factorial based on completely randomised design in green house of Payame Noor University of Mashhad. In two experiments, treatments included three levels of molybdenum (0, 2 and 4 ppm) and four levels of calcium (0, 100, 200 and \mbox{300\,kg} per hectare) that were prepared as nano oxides absorbed by plant. Studied traits were plant height, root length, leaf area, and root and shoot dry weight, the number and size of biological nitrogen"=fixing nodules. The results indicated that growth parameters of chickpea at different levels of calcium were significantly increased compared to control. The highest shoot dry weight (0.6 g. per plant), leaf area (14 cm$^{2}$ per plant) and size of biological nitrogen fixing nodules (27 nodules per plant) were observed in treatment of \mbox{300\,kg} per hectare calcium. The lowest rates of these parameters were obtained in the control. Nano"=molybdenum levels had reduction effect on leaf area of chickpea compared to the control. The effect of calcium fertiliser on root length, nodule number, shoot and root dry weight of bean were significant, but effect of molybdenum and interaction of calcium and molybdenum on studied traits weren't significant, statistically.  The lowest root length was observed in control and the highest value of this trait was obtained in 3 fertilisers levels (100, 200 and \mbox{300\,kg}.ha$^{-1}$). Also, the highest shoot and root dry weight and nodule number were in \mbox{300\,kg}.ha$^{-1}$ calcium fertiliser. In general, the results showed that combined use of nano"=calcium and molybdenum fertilisers can have a significant effect on crop growth characteristics. 



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Biological nitrogen"=fixing, Dry weight.  , Leaf area, size of nodule
\index[key]{Biological nitrogen"=fixing}
\index[key]{Dry weight.  }
\index[key]{Leaf!area}
\index[key]{Size of nodule}
\end{document}
