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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Identification and Potential Bioremediation Capacity of Fungal Isolates from Southern Ecuador},pdfauthor={Yuri Elizabeth Abad Guarnizo, Osmani López Celi, Bettina Eichler-Loebermann, Roldán Torres-Gutiérrez},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={18S rRNA, biodegradation, cypermethrin, fungal isolates, glyphosate},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Identification and Potential Bioremediation Capacity of Fungal Isolates from Southern Ecuador\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Roldán Torres-Gutiérrez, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Puyo, Ecuador, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{roldantg@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Yuri Elizabeth Abad Guarnizo$^{1}$, Osmani López Celi$^{2}$, Bettina Eichler-Loebermann$^{3}$, Roldán Torres-Gutiérrez$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Scretaría de Manejo de Riesgos, Ecuador}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Universidad Nacional de Loja, Área Agropecuaria y de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Ecuador}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Rostock, Fac. of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Ecuador}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Abad Guarnizo, Yuri Elizabeth}
\index[author]{Celi, Osmani López}
\index[author]{Eichler-Loebermann, Bettina}
\index[author]{Torres-Gutiérrez, Roldán}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Soil fertility has become a food security matter in many countries worldwide. This because in the one hand, it is the base for crop production for low input families. On the other hand, due to a persistent decrease in soil fertility, individual farmers as well as entire countries are year by year more dependent on synthetic chemical inputs. Although Ecuador is one of those countries in which food security is included in governmental strategic plans, many of the agrochemical products are being currently subsidised for farmers to use them. As result, the apparent benefits of this practice in terms of yield increments come hand in hand with big contamination of soils, water sheds and agroecosystems. Despite the high agronomic, economic and environmental relevance of this issue, studies addressing soil decontamination are still scarce in Ecuador. An obligated first step in this direction should consider determining the indigenous microbial populations with soil bioremediation potential in order to reduce the harmful effects of agrochemicals. Taking into account this scenario, our work aimed at identifying and characterising fungal strains isolated from Ecuadorian soils with potential for bioremediation of agrochemical products. The study site was located in Pindal municipality, which is the area of highest corn (\textit{Zea mays}) production volumes in southern Ecuador. Soil samples were used to determine the effect of agrochemical on physical and chemical soil parameters. The same soils samples were also used for quantifying the associated microbial community (bacteria and fungi) and for fungal isolation. The fungi molecular identification was performed by gDNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of 18S rRNA genes. From obtained isolates, six were used in a complete randomised trial to determine their bioremediation potential of glyphosate and cypermethrin (the most intensively used agrochemicals in the study area). The molecular techniques showed a vast fungal biodiversity in the study area, despite the high amount of agrochemicals. A total of eight genera were identified including: \textit{Penicillium,} \textit{Mucor, Scytalidium, Aspergillus, Neosartorya, Eurotiomycetes, Talaromyces} and \textit{Fusarium}. All sequences corresponded with more than \mbox{97\,\%} of identity with publicly available sequences, allowing the fungal identification at the species level. The bioremediation assay showed that all isolates were capable of growing at the three levels of glyphosate (1, 5 and 15 ml L$^{-1}$) and two of cypermethrin (1 and 2 g L$^{-1}$). For glyphosate the isolates M6H4 (\textit{Aspergillus fumigatus}) and M6H6 (\textit{Aspergillus terreus}) showed the best results in radial growth and mycelia weight for higher concentration; while for cypermethrin the results were more homogenous, however isolates M6H1 (\textit{Penicillium chrysogenum}), M6H4 (\textit{Aspergillus fumigatus}), M6H6 (\textit{Aspergillus terreus}) and M8H4 (\textit{Penicillium verruculosum}) showed the higher potentiality of biodegradation effect. This study highlights the richness in fungal biodiversity at southern Ecuadorian soils and their potential capability for degradation of pesticides at higher concentration.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} 18S rRNA, biodegradation, cypermethrin, fungal isolates, glyphosate
\index[key]{18S rRNA}
\index[key]{Biodegradation}
\index[key]{Cypermethrin}
\index[key]{Fungal isolates}
\index[key]{Glyphosate}
\end{document}
