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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Rural Non"=farm Economy and Livelihood Diversification Strategies: Evidence from Bangladesh},pdfauthor={Shakila Salam, Siegfried Bauer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bangladesh , livelihood, non-farm, strategy},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Rural Non"=farm Economy and Livelihood Diversification Strategies: Evidence from Bangladesh\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Shakila Salam, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390~Giessen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{shampa.bau@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Shakila Salam$^{1}$, Siegfried Bauer$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Inst. of Farm and Agribusiness Management - Project and Regional Planning, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Salam, Shakila}
\index[author]{Bauer, Siegfried}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
For growing rural labour forces, employment opportunity in agricultural sector is extremely limited due to less availability of farm land and land fragmentation. Therefore, rural households in Bangladesh are compelled to concentrate into different income generating activities out"=side agriculture. Nowadays major portion of the rural households in Bangladesh are engage in more than one income generating activities. They are shifting from pure agricultural work to multiple activities along with farming. They can choose a strategy (according to income generation) among several varieties of livelihood strategies based on their resource capacity to obtain them. 



This study deals with constructing a distinct livelihood portfolio for rural Bangladesh and finding out the determinants for diversifying in each livelihood strategy individually. 153 households from four villages and three administrative districts were chosen in order to study the rural livelihood strategies and their diversifications. This study classified livelihood strategy into following five types, namely: (1) pure agriculture, (2) agriculture and wage"=employment, (3) agriculture and self"=employment, (4) agriculture and migration, (5) agriculture and all non"=farm activities. Multinomial logistic regression was used for the likelihood of adopting one of the five probable activity portfolios. 



The results reveal that age and farming experience of the household head, and total land cultivated by household play a significant negative role in diversifying into any activities in non"=farm sector. On the other hand, the probability of participation in non"=farm activities significantly increases with the higher education level of the household. Besides active male labour, household having better infrastructural facilities are more likely to be engage in wage and self"=employment based non"=farm activities. Moreover, access to non"=farm activities especially self"=employment and international migration are determined by credit receptiveness. The result suggests the expansion of non"=farm sector especially for female participation in rural areas. Therefore, policy should be directed to facilitate strategy"=based rural non"=farm activities and enhance balanced economic growth of the country.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bangladesh , livelihood, non"=farm, strategy
\index[key]{Bangladesh }
\index[key]{Livelihood}
\index[key]{Non"=farm}
\index[key]{Strategy}
\end{document}
