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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Characteristics and Relevance of Farmers' Experiments in Cuba},pdfauthor={Friedrich Leitgeb, Christian R. Vogl},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Innovation, Knowledge System, Organic Farming},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Characteristics and Relevance of Farmers' Experiments in Cuba\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Christian R. Vogl, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dept. for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180~Vienna, Austria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{christian.vogl@boku.ac.at}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Friedrich Leitgeb$^{1}$, Christian R. Vogl$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dept. of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Austria}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Dept. for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Austria}}}
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\index[author]{Leitgeb, Friedrich}
\index[author]{Vogl, Christian R.}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Due to the collapse of the socialist systems in 1989, Cuba's government promoted a series of strategies to deal with resource scarcity and to enhance agricultural productivity. Farmers' experiments have been an implicit part of these strategies, however detailed descriptions of farmers' approaches to experimentation are scarce. In this study, we examine the topics, resources, sources, motives, methods and outcomes of farmers' experiments in Cuba. The research methods comprised semi"=structured interviews with 72 farmers, \&\#64257;eld notes, participant observation and a research diary. Farmers' experiments are an integral part of farming in Cuba. Farmers reported realising their own experiments. The use of locally available resources was a crucial element for farmers' experiments. The topics were related to the introduction of new plant species or varieties, plant production, mechanisation, fertilisation, plant protection and the introduction of new animal species. The farmers' own idea was the most important source for experimenting, followed by ideas offered by colleagues and family members. Increasing production, independence from external resources and improving farm management were the main motives for experimenting. More than half of the farmers started to experiment without detailed written or mental planning, but made some considerations about the experiment before starting. Starting on a small scale was a way to minimise risks. The experiments were mainly evaluated by observation and comparison. The most important outcomes were higher production, food self- suf\&\#64257;ciency, work easement and improved plant health. Farmers' experiments are a means of learning and they enhance farmers' capacity to adapt to changing conditions.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Innovation, Knowledge System, Organic Farming
\index[key]{Innovation}
\index[key]{Knowledge System}
\index[key]{Organic!Farming}
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