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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Incorporation of Legumes and Organic Fertilisers Enhances Soil Nutrients and Kale (\textit{Brassica oleracea }var. \textit{acephala}) Yields in Kiambu County, Kenya},pdfauthor={Richard Ndemo Onwonga, Caroline Chepkoech, Raphael Wahome},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Chickpea, cropping systems, kale, legume integration, lupine, organic fertilisers },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Incorporation of Legumes and Organic Fertilisers Enhances Soil Nutrients and Kale (\textit{Brassica oleracea }var. \textit{acephala}) Yields in Kiambu County, Kenya\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Richard Ndemo Onwonga, University of Nairobi, Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, P.O. Box 29053, 00625~Nairobi, Kenya, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{onwongarichard@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Richard Ndemo Onwonga$^{1}$, Caroline Chepkoech$^{2}$, Raphael Wahome$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Nairobi, Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, Kenya}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Nairobi, Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Nairobi, Animal Production, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Onwonga, Richard Ndemo}
\index[author]{Chepkoech, Caroline}
\index[author]{Wahome, Raphael}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Kale (\textit{Brassica oleracea }var. \textit{acephala}) production in Kiambu County is notably constrained by low soil fertility. This study evaluated combined effect of legume and organic fertiliser incorporation in kale systems on soil nutrients, kale nutrient uptake and yield during the long (LRS) and short (SRS) rain seasons of 2014. The experimental design was a Randomised Complete Block Design with a split plot arrangement. Main plots were sole kales or kale grown in rotation and as intercrop with legumes; lupine (\textit{Lupinus albus}) and chickpea (\textit{Cicer arietinum}). Sub plots were organic fertilisers; Minjingu rock phosphate (MRP) and farm yard manure (FYM). Soil and kale leaves were sampled for N, organic C, P and K, and yield determination. Significant (P$\leq$ 0.05) higher soil N levels were noted in lupine"=kale rotation (\mbox{0.59\,\%}) and lupine/kale intercrop (\mbox{0.614\,\%}) with FYM in SRS and LRS, respectively. Soil available P was significantly higher in lupine/kale intercrop (21.83 ppm) with MRP in SRS and chickpea/kale intercrop (20.71 ppm) in LRS. Significantly high levels of organic C were noted during SRS and LRS, under chickpea/kale intercrop (\mbox{3.10\,\%}) and lupine"=kale rotation (\mbox{3.16\,\%}) with FYM. Kale N concentration was significantly high during SRS and LRS in kale monocrop with MRP (\mbox{4.87\,\%}) and FYM (\mbox{4.68\,\%}). Kale P concentrations, during SRS and LRS was significantly high in lupine/kale intercrop (38 and 54.3 ppm) with MRP. Significantly high kale yields, with FYM, were realised in kale monocrop (3.25\,t\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}) in SRS and lupine"=kale rotation (3.75\,t\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}) in LRS. Incorporation of lupine and, MRP and FYM in kale systems enhanced nutrient levels (N and P) and kale yields. Chickpea and FYM incorporation enhanced soil organic C levels and kale yields. Incorporation of both legumes and organic fertilisers into the kale systems of Kiambu County is therefore beneficial in improving soil organic matter, soil nutrients and kale yields.







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Chickpea, cropping systems, kale, legume integration, lupine, organic fertilisers 
\index[key]{Chickpea}
\index[key]{Cropping systems}
\index[key]{Kale}
\index[key]{Legume integration}
\index[key]{Lupine}
\index[key]{Organic!fertilizers }
\end{document}
