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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Evaluation of Indices of Weed Diversity in Spinach Field under Different Amounts of Vermicompost and Nitroxin},pdfauthor={Sara Bakhshaei, Elham Azizi, Mansoureh-Sadat Sharifi-Noori, Ghorban-Ali Asadi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Margalef, Shannon, Simpson diversity index, Species richness},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\begin{document}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Evaluation of Indices of Weed Diversity in Spinach Field under Different Amounts of Vermicompost and Nitroxin\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Elham Azizi, Payame Noor University, Department of Agronomy, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{azizi40760@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Sara Bakhshaei$^{1}$, Elham Azizi$^{2}$, Mansoureh-Sadat Sharifi-Noori$^{3}$, Ghorban-Ali Asadi$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Payame Noor University, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Payame Noor University, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Bakhshaei, Sara}
\index[author]{Azizi, Elham}
\index[author]{Sharifi-Noori, Mansoureh-Sadat}
\index[author]{Asadi, Ghorban-Ali}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Weeds as one of the components of agroecosystem are important in increasing biodiversity, because many crops have close relative relationship with them, on the other hand, many weeds are places to live and reproduce natural predators of plant pests, birds and small animals. Therefore, protecting weed species in a certain threshold should be considered, to help survive other animals in ecosystem. In order to evaluate the effects of different amounts of vermicompost and nitroxin on weed diversity indices in spinach field, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomised complete block design with three replications at the agricultural research station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2013.  Treatments were 4 levels of vermicompost  (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton.ha$^{-1}$) and 3 levels of nitroxin (0, 2.5 and 5 lit.ha$^{-1}$). The results indicated that the effects of different levels of vermicompost and nitroxin on species richness and Margalef, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were significant, statistically. The highest and lowest values of these traits were obtained in treatments of 5 and 0 ton.ha$^{-1}$ vermicompost, respectively. With increasing amount of nitroxin, weed diversity indices didn't follow similar trend, so that the highest values of species richness and Margalef, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were observed in 2.5 lit.ha$^{-1}$ nitroxin. The lowest values of these traits were in 0 and 5 lit.ha$^{-1}$ nitroxin. In general, the highest species richness and diversity indices of weeds were obtained in treatment of 2,5 lit.ha$^{-1}$ nitroxin and 10 ton.ha$^{-1}$. It should be noted that determining species and functional diversity of weed communities under different nutritional conditions of soil, play the important role in agronomic management and improving economic performance.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Margalef, Shannon, Simpson diversity index, Species richness
\index[key]{Margalef}
\index[key]{Shannon}
\index[key]{Simpson diversity index}
\index[key]{Species richness}
\end{document}
