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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Exploring the Potential of Wild Sorghums in Sudan as Sources for Improving Grain Minerals and Protein Concentrations},pdfauthor={Tilal Abdelhalim, Amro  B Hassan, Nahid Abd Alfatah Khalil, Amani Eltayeb},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Biofortification, malnutrition, micronutrients, sorghums},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Exploring the Potential of Wild Sorghums in Sudan as Sources for Improving Grain Minerals and Protein Concentrations\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Tilal Abdelhalim, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), White Nile Research Station, 300~Kosti, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tilalkosti@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Tilal Abdelhalim$^{1}$, Amro  B Hassan$^{2}$, Nahid Abd Alfatah Khalil$^{3}$, Amani Eltayeb$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), White Nile Research Station, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$National Center for Research, Environment and Natural Recourses and Desertification Research Institute (ENDRI), Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Dongola University, Agronomy, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Studies, Agronomy, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Abdelhalim, Tilal}
\index[author]{Hassan, Amro  B}
\index[author]{Khalil, Nahid Abd Alfatah}
\index[author]{Eltayeb, Amani}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Micronutrient malnutrition, and particularly deficiency in zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), afflicts over three billion people worldwide, and nearly half of the world's cereal"=growing area is affected by soil Zn and Fe deficiency. In the case of cultivated modern sorghums, the variation in zinc and iron concentrations in seeds is relatively small. Wild sorghums might serve as an important source of new genetic material for increasing mineral nutrients and protein contents. Exploiting the genetic variation of wild sorghum collections in Sudan for their grain minerals and protein concentration might attract special interest for several reasons. Since Sudan is within the geographical range where sorghum is postulated to be domesticated for the first time, and where the largest genetic variation exists.  To investigate this, we studied the variations in zinc, iron, calcium concentrations and protein contents in seeds of 10 wild sorghums, 2 landraces and 4 released sorghum cultivars namely Tabat, Butana, AG-8 and Elwafir. Across all genotypes tested, zinc concentration of the seeds varied from 3.9 to 8.7 mg kg$^{-1}$ with an average of 6.03. The wild sorghum accessions exhibited higher grain iron concentration (15 mg kg$^{-1}$) and superimposed the released sorghum cultivars and landraces by 74 and \mbox{41\,\%}, respectively. The highest concentration of iron was found in the seeds of \textit{S.~bicolor} var arundinaceum collected from Elmahkara area (40.3 mg kg$^{-1}$). The overall average protein contents of wild sorghum accessions were superior to that of released cultivars by \mbox{15\,\%}. The highest calcium concentrations were recorded in the seeds of the Safra (296.7 mg/100g) followed by Adar Umbatikh"=buda resistance (276.7 mg/100g). It could be concluded that \textit{S.~bicolor} var arundinaceum collected from Elmahkara, PQ-434 and Safra could be used as potential sources for iron, protein and calcium biofortification, respectively.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Biofortification, malnutrition, micronutrients, sorghums
\index[key]{Biofortification}
\index[key]{Malnutrition}
\index[key]{Micronutrients}
\index[key]{Sorghums}
\end{document}
