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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Phytotoxic Effect of Soil"=Incorporated Dried Leaf Residue of \textit{Euphorbia golondrina} L.C.Wheeler on Tomato Growth and Yield},pdfauthor={Ndam Lawrence Monah, Mathias  Afui Mih, Aaron Suh Tening, Augustina G. Nwana Fongod, Yoshiharu Fujii, Nkegua Temenu},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Allelopathy, Cameroon, Euphorbia golondrina, invasive plants, Leaf Residue, Tomato},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Phytotoxic Effect of Soil"=Incorporated Dried Leaf Residue of \textit{Euphorbia golondrina} L.C.Wheeler on Tomato Growth and Yield\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ndam Lawrence Monah, University of Buea, Dept. of Botany and Plant Physiology, Molyko, 63~Buea, Cameroon, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nlmonah@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ndam Lawrence Monah$^{1}$, Mathias  Afui Mih$^{1}$, Aaron Suh Tening$^{2}$, Augustina G. Nwana Fongod$^{2}$, Yoshiharu Fujii$^{3}$, Nkegua Temenu$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Buea, Dept. of Botany and Plant Physiology, Cameroon}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Buea, Dept. of Agronomy, Cameroon}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Tokyo University of Agricultural Sciences, International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Japan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$ABA Home Health Care  Inc., Nursing, United States of America}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Lawrence Monah, Ndam}
\index[author]{Mih, Mathias  Afui}
\index[author]{Tening, Aaron Suh}
\index[author]{Fongod, Augustina G. Nwana}
\index[author]{Fujii, Yoshiharu}
\index[author]{Temenu, Nkegua}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
There is convincing evidence that the allelopathic attribute of alien invasive plant species plays a major role in agricultural and natural ecosystems by determining vegetation pattern, plant dominance, succession and biodiversity, preventing seed decay, causing seed dormancy and yield loss. Studies on allelopathy have led to using this phenomenon to reduce reliance on chemical herbicides for weed control. Euphorbia golondrina, an annual native to Central America, is now reported in Cameroon where it is a nuisance in subsistent farming systems. This study was designed to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of \textit{E. golondrina} soil"=incorporated dried leaf residue at varied concentrations on growth and yield of tomato in the Greenhouse of the University Buea, Cameroon. Incorporation  of  the leaf residue  to  the  soil  showed  chlorosis,  necrotic lesions  and wilting  of  tomato    under  treatments 30 g  and 50 g  at  2 WAP. The number of leaves, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight of tomato grown in the soil"=leaf mixtures were also significantly reduced. The inhibition percentages due to the addition of the three concentrations of \textit{E. golondrina} dried leaf residue on the dry shoot weight at 4 WAP were 42.1 g, 49.6 g and 75.9 g for tomato. Similarly, declines in the dry root weight of 62.4, 83.1 and \mbox{84.5\,\%} were registered under amended soil treatments. Further, the dry fruit yield and shoot weight of tomato under the treatments 20 g, 30 g and 50 g reduced with increase in leaf residue concentrations. The reductions in the fruit yield and fresh head weight caused by treatments 30 g and 50 g were 54.2 and \mbox{71.4\,\%} respectively. The mineral contents in the leaves of tomato showed significant differences in the uptake of N, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe by the tomato plants. However, the P content was relatively constant in the leaves of tomato at 4 and 12 WAP. At 12 WAP, the Fe content in soils with treatments 30 g and 50 g was markedly enhanced in comparison with the other nutrients. Hence, under the greenhouse experiment, Euphorbia golondrina has been shown to contain some phytotoxic chemical compounds in its leaf materials. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Allelopathy, Cameroon, \textit{Euphorbia golondrina}, invasive plants, leaf residue, tomato
\index[key]{Allelopathy}
\index[key]{Cameroon}
\index[key]{Euphorbia golondrina}
\index[key]{Invasive plants}
\index[key]{Leaf!Residue}
\index[key]{Tomato}
\end{document}
