\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Chlorsulfuron, 2, 4-d and their Tank Mixtures  on \textit{Striga } and Sorghum Growth and Yield },pdfauthor={Rashida Abusin, Elfatih Ahmed, Mohammed Hassan, Babiker Mohammed Mahgoub, Eltayeb Babiker Abdel-Gabar},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={2, 4-D, chlorsulfuron, sorghum, Striga hermonthica},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effects of Chlorsulfuron, 2, 4-d and their Tank Mixtures  on \textit{Striga } and Sorghum Growth and Yield \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Rashida Abusin, University of Bahri, Pests \& Plant Health, Khartoum, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{rashidaabusin333@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Rashida Abusin$^{1}$, Elfatih Ahmed$^{2}$, Mohammed Hassan$^{3}$, Babiker Mohammed Mahgoub$^{1}$, Eltayeb Babiker Abdel-Gabar$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Bahri, Pests \& Plant Health, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Protection, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Environment and Natural Resources and Desertification Research Institute, Biological Control, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Abusin, Rashida}
\index[author]{Ahmed, Elfatih}
\index[author]{Hassan, Mohammed}
\index[author]{Mahgoub, Babiker Mohammed}
\index[author]{Abdel-Gabar, Eltayeb Babiker}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The root parasitic weed \textit{Striga hermonthica} presents a serious constraint to cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa and is considered a threat to agriculture and food security. The parasite inflects most of its damage to the host while subterranean thus early intervention is a necessity to avert losses. A Field experiment was undertaken at Sinar State, Central Sudan, to study the effects of the herbicides chlorsulfuron, 2,4-D and their tank mixtures on \textit{Striga }incidence and sorghum growth and yield. Treatments were arranged in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. At 45 days after sowing (DAS), \textit{Striga }emergence was negligible and little differences between treatments were observed. At 60 DAS, \textit{Striga }emergence was 6 plants m$^{-2}$ in the untreated control. 2,4-D, chlorsulfuron and their tank mixtures, irrespective of rate, reduced \textit{Striga }emergence by 50, 83.3 and \mbox{66.7\,\%}, respectively. At 90 DAS, the corresponding reductions were 42, 75 and \mbox{70\,\%}. At harvest 2,4-D, chlorsulfuron and their tank mixtures reduced \textit{Striga }biomass by 17,  86.1  and \mbox{44.8\,\%}, respectively.  At 30 DAS, sorghum, irrespective of treatment, displayed comparable height. However, at 45 DAS, chlorsulfuron, irrespective of rate, and chlorsulfuron at 2.38g i.a ha$^{-1}$ tank mix with 2,4-D at 0.57 a.e ha$^{-1}$  reduced sorghum height significantly. However, complete recovery of the crop was observed 90 days after treatment. All herbicides treatments had no adverse effects on sorghum head weight. Among the herbicide treatments only 2,4-D at \mbox{0.76\,kg} a.e ha$^{-1}$ significantly reduced sorghum head length. Chlorsulfuron, 2.4-D and their tank mixtures increased sorghum grain yield over the untreated \textit{Striga }infested control by 21.5, 9.3 and \mbox{9.7\,\%}, respectively. 







}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} 2, 4-D, chlorsulfuron, sorghum, \textit{Striga hermonthica}
\index[key]{2}
\index[key]{4-D}
\index[key]{Chlorsulfuron}
\index[key]{Sorghum}
\index[key]{Striga hermonthica@\textit{Striga hermonthica}}
\end{document}
