\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Motivators and Inhibitors to Mechanize Agriculture: the Case of Paddy Farms},pdfauthor={Masoumeh Forouzani, Masoud Yazdanpanah, Abbas Abdeshahi, Narges Ansari},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Adoption, Iran, paddy farmers, Rice transplanter, Rogers' theory},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Motivators and Inhibitors to Mechanize Agriculture: the Case of Paddy Farms\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Masoumeh Forouzani, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University (Khouzestan), Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ramin, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{m.forouzani@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Masoumeh Forouzani$^{1}$, Masoud Yazdanpanah$^{2}$, Abbas Abdeshahi$^{3}$, Narges Ansari$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University (Khouzestan), Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University (Khouzestan), Dept. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Agriculture Economic Department, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Shiraz University, Agricultural Extension and Education, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Forouzani, Masoumeh}
\index[author]{Yazdanpanah, Masoud}
\index[author]{Abdeshahi, Abbas}
\index[author]{Ansari, Narges}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Rice after wheat is known as the main component of the Iranian's food basket. Despite the wide cultivated areas under paddy, due to low yield, a major deal of consumed rice is imported from other countries. Most of the operations in paddy farms are done through conventional methods especially transplanting. Farmers' preference to perform manually transplanting instead of mechanised form was attributed to the availability of family labors particularly women as well as seasonal labors at cheaper rates. But during recent years, extension services have attempted to introduce transplanters machines. Mechanical transplanting method has been promoted to be a good substitution for the farm labors. Living style in rural areas has been dramatically changed in the light of technological advancements and educational progresses; women are no longer expected to cooperate in such a troublous activity. Despite high expectation to adopt rice transplanter, majority of farmers were reluctant and behaved differently. This dilemma provoked a research study in Fars province, southwest Iran, to investigate the attitude of adopter farmers in compare to those refuse. Two villages, similar in all the characteristics except the adoption behaviour, were selected as the study areas. A random sample of 60 paddy farmers participated in the study from each village. Farmers were asked to complete a questionnaire to show their attitude toward mechanised against manually transplanting as well as motivators and inhibitors to use rice transplanters. The results showed that although the new method is more expensive for adopters compared the conventional one, the high speed of operation combined with the displacement of labors and yield benefits make it profitable to adopt. In contrast, non"=adopters were reluctant due to its high cost, requirement of expertise in operating the machine and their confidence to conventional method. Two groups were significantly different in terms of age, education, number of family members, farm size and communication channels they used. Although the study resulted in evidence confirming the Rogers' theory, sub"=culture of peasantry, it concluded by proposing a tailoring approach for the Iran's innovation system in order to overcome the problems come through inappropriate nature and essence of innovations. }

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Adoption, Iran, paddy farmers, Rice transplanter, Rogers' theory
\index[key]{Adoption}
\index[key]{Iran}
\index[key]{Paddy farmers}
\index[key]{Rice!transplanter}
\index[key]{Rogers' theory}
\end{document}
