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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Decentralised Power Generation by Solar"=panels as an Alternative Income Source for Irrigation Agriculture in Iran},pdfauthor={Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani, Bernhard Brümmer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Decentralised power system, energy subsidies, groundwater depletion, iran, irrigation, photovoltaic energy, rural income, water crisis},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Decentralised Power Generation by Solar"=panels as an Alternative Income Source for Irrigation Agriculture in Iran\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, D-37073~Göttingen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tjamali@gwdg.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani$^{1}$, Bernhard Brümmer$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush}
\index[author]{Brümmer, Bernhard}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The water crisis in Iran slowly becomes a public issue of concern among officials and citizens as the obvious signals of the water shortages affect the daily life of people. The depletion of groundwater reservoirs due to extensive pumping for irrigation is known to experts as one of the critical issues in this crisis. However, groundwater irrigation is the source of income for many rural areas in Iran especially central and eastern regions. Base on the official data till 2014, there are 200859 defined and 569708 undefined wells around the country with 200--300 thousand estimated unregistered wells. It is estimated that annually 60 billion cubic meters of water is extracted from groundwater resources and \mbox{85\,\%} of that is used for irrigation. Subsidized electricity is provided in huge grid network for all this dispersed pumps around the country. 350 of 609 available aquifers are in alarming condition. For irrigation purposes, heavily subsidised electricity is provided for groundwater pumping all over the country. The electricity price for pumping is five time less than urban and industrial uses and much cheaper than provision costs. Although the groundwater irrigation is the livelihood means for millions of household in the rural areas of Iran, the present trend of groundwater pumping is a threat for the future existence of rural and urban communities especially in central and eastern regions of Iran. Additionally, the political economy of energy price subsidy"=groundwater pumping is not allowing the elimination of subsidies. In this study, by considering the German model, we have analysed the possibility of applying the simple model of decentralised power system of photovoltaic (PV) energy production in rural areas of Iran as an alternative source of income. Iran with more than 300 sunny days in year is an ideal place for expansion of solar panels. The primary results of our study shows that the PV energy production promise an alternative possibility for rural areas to have a sustainable livelihood. Additionally, it helps the government to eliminate subsidies for groundwater pumping in arid areas and save the depleting groundwater resources.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Decentralised power system, energy subsidies, groundwater depletion, iran, irrigation, photovoltaic energy, rural income, water crisis
\index[key]{Decentralized power system}
\index[key]{Energy subsidies}
\index[key]{Groundwater depletion}
\index[key]{Iran}
\index[key]{Irrigation}
\index[key]{Photovoltaic energy}
\index[key]{Rural!income}
\index[key]{Water!crisis}
\end{document}
