\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation and the Behaviour of Cattle on Pastures in the Peruvian Andes},pdfauthor={Franziska Jocher, Joaquín Castro-Montoya, Carlos A. Gomez, Uta Dickhoefer},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2016: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Animal behaviour, grasslands, grazing cattle, highlands, Peruvian Andes, spatial heterogeneity},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2016.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 18-21, 2016, Vienna, Austria}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Solidarity in a competing world ---\\fair use of resources''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation and the Behaviour of Cattle on Pastures in the Peruvian Andes\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Uta Dickhoefer, University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Fruwirthstr. 31, 70599~Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{Uta.Dickhoefer@uni-hohenheim.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Franziska Jocher$^{1}$, Joaquín Castro-Montoya$^{2}$, Carlos A. Gomez$^{3}$, Uta Dickhoefer$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Peru}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Hohenheim, Inst. of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Jocher, Franziska}
\index[author]{Castro-Montoya, Joaquín}
\index[author]{Gomez, Carlos A.}
\index[author]{Dickhoefer, Uta}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Milk production is the main source of income for smallholder farmers in the Peruvian Andes and is based on grazing natural pastures. An improved understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of the grassland vegetation and its utilisation by grazing animals may contribute to enhance grazing management and herd performances. The objective was therefore to characterise the spatial distribution of plant biomass and its nutritional composition and to analyse its relation to the behaviour of grazing cows on natural pastures of the Central Andes.



The study was conducted in the community Chalhuas (S11 57 924, W75 32 995; \mbox{3.860\,m} above sea level), Central Andes of Peru, during February --- May 2015. On pastures (20 --- \mbox{26\,ha}) of three farms, the behaviour of five lactating Criollo\,$\times$\,Brown Swiss cows each was recorded for 10 --- 12 days per pasture using global positioning system recorders. Above"=ground plant biomass was determined along transects by destructive sampling in 27 --- 44 plots (1 m$^2$) that were evenly distributed across the pastures. Forage samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF).



The above"=ground plant biomass ranged between 216 --- \mbox{857\,kg} DM/ha with concentrations of CP and NDF of 47 --- \unitfrac[192]{g}{kg} DM and 515 --- \unitfrac[770]{g}{kg} DM, respectively. On average ($\pm$ standard deviation), the animals spent 9.8 $\pm$ \unitfrac[0.10]{h}{d} foraging and 2.0 $\pm$ \unitfrac[0.09]{h}{walking} during which they covered distances of up to \unitfrac[7.8]{km}{d}. Due to the fact that cows were kept in paddocks around milking and during parts of the night, they spent 12.3 $\pm$ \unitfrac[0.09]{h}{d} with other activities. Both, plant biomass and its CP concentration varied greatly across the pastures. Similarly, areas of the pastures that were preferably grazed or rejected by cows could be identified and there were relationships between the probability of foraging and diverse vegetation parameters. Hence, spatial differences in the grassland vegetation and an uneven distribution of the impacts of animal grazing should be considered when optimising grassland use for milk production.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Animal behaviour, grasslands, grazing cattle, highlands, Peruvian Andes, spatial heterogeneity
\index[key]{Animal!behavior}
\index[key]{Grasslands}
\index[key]{Grazing cattle}
\index[key]{Highlands}
\index[key]{Peruvian Andes}
\index[key]{Spatial!heterogeneity}
\end{document}
