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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Role of Pythium Spp. in Yield Decline in Aerobic Rice in the Tropics},pdfauthor={Liton Chandra Sen, Evelien Van Buyten, Monica Hofte},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2011: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Aerobic rice, ITS regions and Pathogenicity, Pythium},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\begin{document}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, October 5-7, 2011, Bonn}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Development on the margin''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Role of Pythium Spp. in Yield Decline in Aerobic Rice in the Tropics\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Liton Chandra Sen, Ghent University, Belgium, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Supagro Resident H03/e 205 Rue de La  Croix de Las Cazes, 34000~Montpellier, France, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bela_litu@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Liton Chandra Sen$^{1}$, Evelien Van Buyten$^{2}$, Monica Hofte$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ghent University, Belgium, Laboratory of Phytopathology, France}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ghent University, Belgium, Laboratory of Phytopathology, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ghent University, Belgium, Laboratory of Phytopathology, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Sen, Liton Chandra}
\index[author]{Buyten, Evelien Van}
\index[author]{Hofte, Monica}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The aerobic rice production system is directed towards a new way of growing high"=yield and nutrient responsive varieties in non"=flooded aerobic soil under supplementary irrigation in the water shortage areas. Recently in the tropics, yield decline in aerobic rice system has been recorded in continuous monocropping because of the so"=called soil sickness. In this study, we characterised 22 Pythium strains which were collected from diseased aerobic rice fields of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to identify their accurate species belongs to Pythium and to test their pathogenicity on aerobic rice possibly leading to yield decline. The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) including the 5.8 gene of ribosomal DNA of all Pythium strains were sequenced after PCR amplification using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. The DNaeasy Plant Mini Kit (Quigen) was used to extract DNA according to the manufacturer specifications. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences using TreeCon software showed genetic similarity with Pythium arrhenomanes, Pythium graminicola and Pythium inflatum which were represented nineteen, two and one Pythium strains respectively under this investigation. \textit{In~vivo} Pathogenicity test was conducted through inoculating the soil mixture with mycelium suspension at the pre"=emergence state of aerobic rice seedlings. The test confirmed that Pythium arrhenomanes and Pythium graminicola were pathogenic among three indentified Pythium spp., causing seedling damping"=off with reduced root and shoot growth of aerobic rice. Moreover, the present study demonstrated the association of Pythium arrhenomanes and Pythium graminicola with pre"=emergence seedling damping"=off causing yield decline in aerobic rice system in the tropics.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Aerobic rice, ITS regions and Pathogenicity, Pythium
\index[key]{Aerobic rice}
\index[key]{ITS regions and Pathogenicity}
\index[key]{Pythium}
\end{document}