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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Some Aspects of Camel Raising in the Butana Area of the Sudan},pdfauthor={Adam Drosa, Khitma Elmalik, Amir Salih, Omer Abdelhadi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2011: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Butana area, camel production, grazing system, herd population},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, October 5-7, 2011, Bonn}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Development on the margin''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Some Aspects of Camel Raising in the Butana Area of the Sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Amir Salih, University of Khartoum, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Khartoum, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ahmedamir1979@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Adam Drosa$^{1}$, Khitma Elmalik$^{2}$, Amir Salih$^{3}$, Omer Abdelhadi$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ministry of Animal Resources, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Khartoum, Veterinary Medicine, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Khartoum, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Kordofan, Animal Science, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Drosa, Adam}
\index[author]{Elmalik, Khitma}
\index[author]{Salih, Amir}
\index[author]{Abdelhadi, Omer}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Information concerning management, feeding, nutrition and production performance of camels are scanty. The overall objective of this study is therefore to probe the changes in herds and their structure specially herd population with regard to breeds, the current production system; production performance and constrains that hinder camel production in Butana area of Sudan. A well planned questionnaire was designed for the purpose of study. A follow up for one year of milk production in open grazing system (migratory) and semi open grazing system (sedentary) was carried out. The results obtained showed three production systems, the nomadic migratory \mbox{22\,\%}, semi"=nomadic \mbox{36\,\%} and the sedentary production system \mbox{42\,\%}. It also reflected a negative decrease (-10.97) in camel herd population under migratory system and a positive increase of (\mbox{5.2\,\%}) in camel herd population in sedentary system. Milk yield per lactation for migratory was \mbox{1654.4\,kg} and \mbox{2925\,kg} for the sedentary system. The mean herd size was 62 head for migratory and 118 for sedentary, with male to female percentage of \mbox{25.6\,\%} and \mbox{74.4\,\%}, respectively. Irrespective of sex, age wise less than one year represented \mbox{14.4\,\%} of the herd, less than 4 years \mbox{23.9\,\%}, less than 14 years \mbox{48.9\,\%} and above 14 years was \mbox{12.9\,\%}. The practice of the Nomadism by the herders showed a decrease along years 1984, 1994 and 2003 with percentage of \mbox{73.3\,\%}, \mbox{33\,\%} and \mbox{22\,\%}, respectively. Each year is independent of the other and not on an additive basis. The results reflected illiteracy among herders groups of age (15--29 years) was \mbox{47.8\,\%} and for (30--49 years) was \mbox{67.7\,\%} and for (above 50 years) old was \mbox{67.7\,\%}. The study revealed that the migratory system is no longer highly profitable for camel production where the yearly expenditure was exceeding the yearly income. The constrains of camel production include natural disasters as drought and man made halters as encroachment of mechanised agriculture on pasture, insecurity and tribal conflicts and wars.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Butana area, camel production, grazing system, herd population
\index[key]{Butana area}
\index[key]{Camel production}
\index[key]{Grazing system}
\index[key]{Herd population}
\end{document}