\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Influence of Biochar and Tannin Amendments to Goat Manure on Gaseous C and N Emissions},pdfauthor={Mariko Ingold, Anne Schiborra, Eva Schlecht, Andreas Buerkert},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2011: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Biochar, carbon, gas emissions, nitrogen, tannin},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2011.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2011.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, October 5-7, 2011, Bonn}}\\[1ex] \Large{``Development on the margin''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Influence of Biochar and Tannin Amendments to Goat Manure on Gaseous C and N Emissions\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mariko Ingold, University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Steinstrasse 19, 37213~Witzenhausen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ingold@uni-kassel.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mariko Ingold$^{1}$, Anne Schiborra$^{2}$, Eva Schlecht$^{2}$, Andreas Buerkert$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Kassel / University of Göttingen, Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ingold, Mariko}
\index[author]{Schiborra, Anne}
\index[author]{Schlecht, Eva}
\index[author]{Buerkert, Andreas}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In subtropical irrigation agriculture year"=round high temperature and soil moisture lead to high microbial turnover of organic matter and thus potentially high losses of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) by gaseous emissions. To investigate the effect of biochar and tannin amendments to manure on gaseous losses of N and C, an incubation experiment was conducted in a climate chamber over 10 days during which air temperature and humidity were kept at 30°C and \mbox{50\,\%}, respectively. Soil moisture was adjusted every 24h to \mbox{60\,\%} field capacity. Goat manure was amended with biochar and tannins at two different concentrations through addition (i) to the goat feed and (ii) directly to dried goat manure, before its application to the soil at a rate equivalent to 0.25 and 0.8 t biochar ha$^{-1}$, and 0.4 and 1.0 t tannins ha$^{-1}$. Soil emissions of NH$_{3}^{}$, N$_{2}$O and CO$_{2}$ were measured for the amended and unamended manure treatments and for pure soil using a closed chamber system connected to a photo"=acoustic infrared multi"=gas monitor.Maximum N$_{2}$O flux rates varied from 0.62--1.06 mg h$^{-1}$ m$^{-2}$ and were only decreased for tannins fed to goats by \mbox{42\,\%} compared to unamended manure (control). Despite this, flux rate peaked 48hrs later for tannins mixed to manure compared to the control treatment and, in contrast, 72hrs earlier for biochar fed to goats. Total N emissions, (\mbox{60\,\%} as N$_{2}$O-N and \mbox{40\,\%} as NH$_{3}^{}$,-N) ranged from 42--78 g m$^{-2}$ 10d$^{-1}$. Emission peaks of CO$_{2}$ were not temporally shifted, but distinctly lowered by biochar (\mbox{42\,\%}) and tannins (\mbox{20\,\%}) fed to goats compared to the control treatment. In contrast, direct addition of biochar and tannins to manure enhanced CO$_{2}$-C by 14 and \mbox{24\,\%}, respectively. Total C emissions ranged from 40--75 g m$^{-2}$ 10\,d$^{-1}$ (\mbox{97\,\%} as CO$_{2}$-C). CH$_{4}^{}$ and NH$_{3}^{}$ emission rates and cumulative emissions of all manure treatments did not differ from emissions of the pure soil. The causes of the contrasting effects of the two application modes of biochar and tannins on CO$_{2}$ and N$_{2}$O emissions merit further research. 



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Biochar, carbon, gas emissions, nitrogen, tannin
\index[key]{Biochar}
\index[key]{Carbon}
\index[key]{Gas emissions}
\index[key]{Nitrogen}
\index[key]{Tannin}
\end{document}