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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Impact of Forest Coffee Certification on Poverty and Vulnerability: A Comparative Study in Nicaragua, India and Ethiopia},pdfauthor={Pradyot Jena, Till Stellmacher, Ulrike Grote},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Certification, coffee forests, Ethiopia, India, Nicaragua},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Impact of Forest Coffee Certification on Poverty and Vulnerability: A Comparative Study in Nicaragua, India and Ethiopia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Pradyot Jena, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167~Hannover, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{jena@iuw.uni-hannover.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Pradyot Jena$^{1}$, Till Stellmacher$^{2}$, Ulrike Grote$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute for Environmental Economics and World Trade, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Political and Cultural Change, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Jena, Pradyot}
\index[author]{Stellmacher, Till}
\index[author]{Grote, Ulrike}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{
Coffee is a strategic product in tropical regions worldwide for two reasons. First, it is a major exportable commodity in many developing countries; and second, forest coffee is a component of tropical rainforest ecosystem in different regions of the world. 



In the context of a growing market for certified coffee worldwide, certification of coffee is considered as an instrument to increase coffee farmers' livelihood and to conserve the biodiversity. However, little is known about their impacts on poverty and livelihoods. This paper aims at investigating the socio"=economic implications of existing forest coffee certification schemes in Ethiopia, India, and Nicaragua. 



Empirical field research was conducted in 2009/10 in forest coffee areas of Nicaragua (Jinotega), India (Araku Valley) and Ethiopia (Jimma). In all three case studies, forest coffee is produced in farmers' cooperatives and certified according to Fairtrade and Organic standards. A total of 750 interviews were carried out with smallholder coffee producers in both certified and non"=certified coffee cooperatives. 



The empirical findings reveal that certification plays only a limited role in enhancing the wellbeing of poor coffee farmers. Coffee farmers generally do not understand the underlying aims and procedures of certification. Moreover, farmer cooperatives take most of the decisions regarding the choice of buyers, price of coffee and any second payments to be paid to farmers unilaterally; farmers have very little say in these decisions. This practically boils down to the fact that coffee cooperatives work in a top"=down approach where certification is pushed from external donors and therefore farmers' perception about certification is only vague. 



Although, cooperatives provide some important services to the coffee farmers such as buying coffee from them on a regular basis which relieves farmers from selling their coffee in the market on their own, this is not adequate for the general acceptance of certification. One important aspect which is overlooked by the certified cooperatives is provision of basic inputs such as organic fertiliser, pesticides, and training about improvement of coffee productivity. In conclusion, coffee certification schemes still have a long way to go before they could make significant impact on livelihoods of smallholder coffee farmers worldwide.







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Certification, coffee forests, Ethiopia, India, Nicaragua
\index[key]{Certification}
\index[key]{Coffee forests}
\index[key]{Ethiopia}
\index[key]{India}
\index[key]{Nicaragua}
\end{document}